Aspect: aspect
Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc.
In Czech, aspect is considered a lexical feature of verbs. While many imperfective verbs have morphologically related perfective counterparts, it is not a regular system and the two verbs are represented by different lemmas.
Imp: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
Examples
- péci “to bake” (Imp); pekl chleba “he baked / was baking a bread”
Perf: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense. Czech morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but these actually have a future meaning.
Examples
- upéci “to bake” (Perf); upekl chleba “he baked / has baked a bread”
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
The PDT tagset does not encode aspect. However, verb lemmas in PDT contain their own features
that encode the aspect: _:T = Imp and _:W = Perf. These lemma features were removed
during conversion, and the Aspect feature was introduced instead.
Unfortunately the morphological lexicon underlying the PDT annotation is incomplete and numerous verbs lack the aspect information. Without this imperfection there would be only a tiny group of verbs that work with both aspects.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
91937 tokens (6%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
21909 types (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
5626 lemmas (10%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 5 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (87377; 6% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (4498; 0% instances), cs-pos/AUX (59; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
VERB
87377 cs-pos/VERB tokens (53% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Negative=Pos (81611; 93%), Voice=Act (64356; 74%), Gender=EMPTY (52610; 60%), Mood=EMPTY (51805; 59%), Person=EMPTY (51805; 59%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(48893; 56% of non-emptyAspect): říká, patří, znamená, tvrdí, tvoří, představuje, uvádí, považuje, snaží, existujePerf(38484; 44% of non-emptyAspect): řekl, prohlásil, podařilo, získat, dodal, sdělil, získal, říci, oznámil, označilEMPTY(78257): je, jsou, má, není, byl, být, může, bylo, měl, mají
| Paradigm říci | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřekli | |
| Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekli | |
| Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekly | |
| Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřekl | |
| Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekl | |
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřekla | |
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řekla | |
| Gender=Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | neřeklo | |
| Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | řeklo | |
| Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | řečeno | |
| Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | Řekni | |
| Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | řekněme | |
| Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | řekněte | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | neřeknu | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | neřekne | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | neřeknou | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řeknu | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řekne | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řekneme | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řeknete | |
| Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | řeknou | |
| Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans|Voice=Act | řkouce | |
| Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf | říci, říct |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (4682) occur only with one value of Aspect.
ADJ
4498 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (2% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (4498; 100%), Negative=Pos (4367; 97%), Number=Sing (2627; 58%), Gender=Masc (2336; 52%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(4481; 100% of non-emptyAspect): rozhodující, vedoucí, následující, vynikající, týkající, odpovídající, rostoucí, žijící, kupující, následujícíchPerf(17; 0% of non-emptyAspect): odstoupivšího, byvší, doloživší, nastavší, ocitnuvšího, odstoupivších, provinivšího, předčivší, přeživšího, vyskytnuvšíEMPTY(176313): první, další, české, nové, druhé, poslední, státní, dalších, možné, vlastní
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (940) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
59 cs-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (59; 100%), Negative=Pos (56; 95%), Gender=EMPTY (47; 80%), Tense=Pres (47; 80%), VerbForm=Fin (46; 78%), Person=3 (46; 78%), Mood=Ind (46; 78%), Number=Sing (37; 63%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(59; 100% of non-emptyAspect): bývá, bývají, bývaly, bývala, bývalo, nebývá, jsouce, nebývajíEMPTY(20736): by, bude, jsem, jsme, byl, budou, byla, být, je, bylo
NOUN
2 cs-pos/NOUN tokens (0% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Aspect co-occurred: Gender=Neut (2; 100%), Number=Sing (2; 100%), Negative=Pos (2; 100%), Animacy=EMPTY (2; 100%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Perf(2; 100% of non-emptyAspect): rozlišení, vyhověníEMPTY(372364): roku, korun, let, roce, strany, procent, společnosti, době, případě, firmy
ADP
1 cs-pos/ADP tokens (0% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADP and Aspect co-occurred: AdpType=Comprep (1; 100%), Case=EMPTY (1; 100%).
ADP tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(1; 100% of non-emptyAspect): NehleděEMPTY(145942): v, na, o, z, s, do, ve, k, pro, za
Aspect in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]