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PRON: pronoun

Definition

Within the universal scheme, pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases and whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context. Pronouns under this definition function like nouns, which means that the term cannot be extended to words that substitute for adjectives or other POS categories, as is usually the case in Slovenian grammar. Instead, attributive pronouns are tagged as determiners.

For instance, to “this” is traditionally called pronoun in Slovenian grammar, regardless of its syntactic context. To make the annotation parallel across languages, it is now tagged PRON in To sem že slišal. “I have heard this before.” and as DET in To besedilo je nerazumljivo. “This text is incomprehensible.”

Examples

• jaz “me”, ti “you”, on “he”
• oba “both”, ves “all”, vsak “anyone”, vsakdo “anyone”
• ta “this one”, tale “this one”, tisti “that one”
• nič “nothing”, nihče “nobody”, nobeden “noone”
• kar “which”, karkoli “anything”, kdor “who”
• se “oneself”
• moj “mine”, tvoj “yours”, njihov “theirs”
• kaj “what”, kdo “who”
• nekaj “something”, nekdo “somebody”, malokdo “not a lot of people”

Conversion from JOS

All pronouns are converted to PRON, except for pronouns that function as attributes to nouns (through Attr dependency relation), which are converted to DET.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)

There are 62 PRON lemmas (0%), 248 PRON types (1%) and 6929 PRON tokens (5%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 9 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: se, on, ta, jaz, kateri, ves, ti, kar, kaj, tisti

The 10 most frequent PRON types: se, to, ga, jih, si, jo, tem, mu, kaj, mi

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: on (PRON 1561, X 1), ta (PRON 807, DET 552), jaz (PRON 483, NOUN 2), kateri (PRON 283, DET 24), ves (DET 289, PRON 198, ADV 1), kar (PRON 153, ADV 106), kaj (PRON 152, ADV 21), tisti (PRON 79, DET 57), nekaj (DET 166, PRON 65, ADV 19), nič (PRON 63, ADV 19)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: to (PRON 273, DET 63), si (PRON 245, AUX 14, VERB 12), jo (PRON 224, X 1), tem (PRON 177, DET 96, NOUN 1, ADV 1), mu (PRON 158, X 2), kaj (PRON 110, ADV 20), kar (PRON 113, ADV 97), vse (PRON 88, DET 74, ADV 38), tega (PRON 99, DET 47), katerem (PRON 64, DET 2)

• to
  • PRON 273: Vsaj to v ničemer ne more biti sporno .
  • DET 63: Za to pomoč smo jim seveda tudi plačali .
• si
  • PRON 245: Prvo pravilo : Za nakup si je treba vzeti čas .
  • AUX 14: Kaj si si pri tem sploh mislil ?
  • VERB 12: Ko si enkrat na vrhu in se poškoduješ , se je težko vrniti .
• jo
  • PRON 224: Zdaj sem se spomnil , kam sem jo vtaknil !
  • X 1: ( jo )
• tem
  • PRON 177: S tem nikakor ni zmanjšan pomen enotne volje državljanov Slovenije .
  • DET 96: V tem trenutku je smiselno govoriti o prisilni poravnavi .
  • NOUN 1: Dijaki v njem prikažejo svoje poznavanje obravnavanih tem iz književnosti .
  • ADV 1: Čim boljše bo v Sloveniji znanje tujih jezikov , tem bolje se bo Slovenija sporazumevala s svetom .
• mu
  • PRON 158: » Potem pa le pazi name , « se mu je v odgovor nasmehnila Regina .
  • X 2: ( mu )
• kaj
  • PRON 110: Toda kaj je energija “ nacionalizma “ ?
  • ADV 20: Zavetniški objem je kaj hitro postal ljubezenski .
• kar
  • PRON 113: Kot tak ni nekaj , kar se zgodi v praznem prostoru .
  • ADV 97: V skrajnih primerih jih pesti že kar kompleks superiornosti .
• vse
  • PRON 88: Ko vse skupaj zavre , vložimo fileje in jih dušimo dobrih 10 minut .
  • DET 74: Na vse prireditve je vstop prost .
  • ADV 38: Slišim namreč vse več glasov o nepravilnostih .
• tega
  • PRON 99: Toda bil sem suh , poleg tega pa se je poročila sestrična .
  • DET 47: Napetost tega člena je 3,20 V .
• katerem
  • PRON 64: - Zamislite si položaj , v katerem si želite nastopiti mirno in sproščeno .
  • DET 2: Na katerem trgu srečuješ popolno oziroma svobodno konkurenco ?

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 4.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.894262).

The 1st highest number of forms (24) was observed with the lemma “on”: ga, je, ji, jih, jim, jima, jo, ju, mu, nje, njega, njej, njem, njemu, njih, njiju, njim, njima, njimi, njo, on, ona, onadva, oni.

The 2nd highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “jaz”: jaz, mano, me, mene, meni, menoj, mi, midva, naju, nam, nama, nami, nas.

The 3rd highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “kateri”: katera, katere, katerega, katerem, kateremu, kateri, katerih, katerim, katerima, katerimi, katero.

PRON occurs with 9 features: PronType (6907; 100% instances), Case (4866; 70% instances), Number (4508; 65% instances), Variant (3917; 57% instances), Gender (3855; 56% instances), Person (2341; 34% instances), Number[psor] (23; 0% instances), Poss (22; 0% instances), Gender[psor] (11; 0% instances)

PRON occurs with 29 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Gender[psor]=Fem, Gender[psor]=Masc, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Number[psor]=Plur, Number[psor]=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Poss=Yes, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, PronType=Neg, PronType=Prs, PronType=Rel, PronType=Tot, Variant=Bound, Variant=Short

PRON occurs with 272 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Prs|Variant=Short (2062 tokens). Examples: se

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: expl (2298; 33% instances), dobj (1834; 26% instances), nmod (1433; 21% instances), nsubj (878; 13% instances), iobj (318; 5% instances), xcomp (61; 1% instances), root (41; 1% instances), conj (39; 1% instances), mwe (9; 0% instances), advcl (6; 0% instances), ccomp (5; 0% instances), acl (4; 0% instances), parataxis (2; 0% instances), csubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (6022; 87% instances), ADJ (374; 5% instances), NOUN (371; 5% instances), PRON (72; 1% instances), ROOT (41; 1% instances), ADV (15; 0% instances), PROPN (13; 0% instances), NUM (10; 0% instances), ADP (5; 0% instances), DET (5; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

5480 (79%) PRON nodes are leaves.

1185 (17%) PRON nodes have one child.

174 (3%) PRON nodes have two children.

90 (1%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 11.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 22 different relations: case (1143; 59% instances), acl (240; 12% instances), nmod (114; 6% instances), advmod (68; 4% instances), punct (68; 4% instances), cop (61; 3% instances), amod (55; 3% instances), nsubj (44; 2% instances), cc (40; 2% instances), conj (38; 2% instances), mark (15; 1% instances), aux (7; 0% instances), nummod (7; 0% instances), parataxis (6; 0% instances), csubj (4; 0% instances), dobj (4; 0% instances), mwe (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/cc:preconj (3; 0% instances), advcl (2; 0% instances), appos (1; 0% instances), discourse (1; 0% instances), expl (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: ADP (1130; 59% instances), VERB (278; 14% instances), NOUN (118; 6% instances), ADJ (92; 5% instances), PRON (72; 4% instances), PUNCT (68; 4% instances), CONJ (46; 2% instances), ADV (39; 2% instances), PART (30; 2% instances), SCONJ (30; 2% instances), NUM (8; 0% instances), AUX (7; 0% instances), PROPN (7; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

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PRON in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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