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AUX: auxiliary verb

Definition

An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice. In Slovenian, only instances of the verb biti “to be” that accompany lexical verbs are marked as AUX.

Examples

• Tistega večera sem.AUX preveč popil.VERB. “I drank too much that evening.”
• V bolnišnici bodo.AUX uvedli.VERB šolo za starše. “A parenting school will be introduced in the hospital.”
• Kam bi.AUX se lahko zatekla.VERB? “Where could she have hidden?”

Delimitation

Note that in cases, where biti is used independently as a copula or a content verb, it is marked as verb:

• To je.VERB grozno. “This is horrible.”
• Za nami je.VERB dolga vrsta. “There is a long queue behind us.”
• Vsi smo.AUX bili.VERB zadovoljni. “We were all content.”

Conversion from JOS

In ssj500k, all instances of verb biti “to be” have been annotated as Type=auxiliary. To separate the actual auxiliary function from other functions, syntax has to be taken into account. Thus, tokens of biti bearing the dependency relation PPart with a main verb become annotated as `AUX˙.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)

There are 1 AUX lemmas (0%), 30 AUX types (0%) and 7147 AUX tokens (5%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 16 in number of lemmas, 12 in number of types and 6 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: biti

The 10 most frequent AUX types: je, so, bi, bo, sem, ni, bodo, sta, smo, niso

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: biti (AUX 7147, VERB 3788)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: je (AUX 3057, VERB 1508, PRON 14), so (AUX 1089, VERB 473), bi (AUX 879, X 1, VERB 1), bo (AUX 376, VERB 171), sem (AUX 358, VERB 35, ADV 8), ni (AUX 247, VERB 239), bodo (AUX 225, VERB 40), sta (AUX 165, VERB 36, X 4), smo (AUX 163, VERB 42), niso (AUX 84, VERB 41)

• je
  • AUX 3057: Srebrni častni znak je prejela tudi Pia Mlakar .
  • VERB 1508: Škoda je , da slovenski uporabniki iščejo informacije na tujih straneh .
  • PRON 14: Opazil je novo jahto , ki je prejšnji dan še ni bilo v pristanišču .
• so
  • AUX 1089: Vsaj trije ali štirje so prišli na moja ušesa .
  • VERB 473: Za zadovoljitev pomembne želje so pripravljeni vložiti več truda .
• bi
  • AUX 879: S tem naj bi bila zagotovljena objektivnost .
  • X 1: ( bi )
  • VERB 1: Radi bi , da bi vsi imeli dovolj za življenje in da bi se lahko šolali .
• bo
  • AUX 376: Naj bo tako , čeprav vas nihče ne bo podpiral , in daleč boste prišli .
  • VERB 171: Naj bo tako , čeprav vas nihče ne bo podpiral , in daleč boste prišli .
• sem
  • AUX 358: Zdaj sem se spomnil , kam sem jo vtaknil !
  • VERB 35: Joj , kako sem raztresen !
  • ADV 8: Ne vem , zakaj sploh hodim sem !
• ni
  • AUX 247: Njihov spokojni življenski ritem se ni kresal z našim .
  • VERB 239: S tem nikakor ni zmanjšan pomen enotne volje državljanov Slovenije .
• bodo
  • AUX 225: Slednje bodo vsakič ob podobnih primerih gotovo ponovno oživele .
  • VERB 40: Kakšni bodo rezultati ?
• sta
  • AUX 165: Spominjam se dveh sosedov , ki sta bila med seboj skregana .
  • VERB 36: Zakonodaja in trg delovne sile sta med seboj tesno povezana .
  • X 4: ( sta )
• smo
  • AUX 163: Za to pomoč smo jim seveda tudi plačali .
  • VERB 42: Malo smo napihnjeni , sem se pošalila .
• niso
  • AUX 84: Prvi ljudje še niso razvili poljedelstva .
  • VERB 41: Odločitve predsednikov vlad vsekakor niso lahke .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 30.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.894262).

The 1st highest number of forms (30) was observed with the lemma “biti”: as, b, bi, bil, bila, bili, bo, bodo, bojo, bom, bomo, bosta, boste, bova, je, ni, nisem, nisi, nismo, niso, nista, niste, nisva, sem, si, smo, so, sta, ste, sva.

AUX occurs with 7 features: sl-feat/VerbForm (7147; 100% instances), sl-feat/Mood (7126; 100% instances), sl-feat/Number (6261; 88% instances), sl-feat/Negative (6240; 87% instances), sl-feat/Person (6240; 87% instances), sl-feat/Tense (6240; 87% instances), sl-feat/Gender (21; 0% instances)

AUX occurs with 16 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Ind, Negative=Neg, Negative=Pos, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Part

AUX occurs with 29 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (3099 tokens). Examples: je

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 1 different relations: sl-dep/aux (7147; 100% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 6 different parts of speech: VERB (6429; 90% instances), ADJ (532; 7% instances), NOUN (166; 2% instances), PRON (13; 0% instances), PROPN (6; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

7146 (100%) AUX nodes are leaves.

0 (0%) AUX nodes have one child.

1 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 2.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 2 different relations: sl-dep/cc (1; 50% instances), sl-dep/conj (1; 50% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 2 different parts of speech: CONJ (1; 50% instances), VERB (1; 50% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)

There are 1 AUX lemmas (0%), 26 AUX types (0%) and 1256 AUX tokens (4%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 16 in number of lemmas, 13 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: biti

The 10 most frequent AUX types: je, sem, bi, so, smo, bo, bomo, ni, si, ste

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: biti (VERB 1348, AUX 1256)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: je (VERB 639, AUX 358, PRON 6, INTJ 3), sem (AUX 174, VERB 33, ADV 4), bi (AUX 134, VERB 15, X 1), so (VERB 125, AUX 117, X 2), smo (AUX 88, VERB 20), bo (AUX 79, VERB 54), bomo (AUX 46, VERB 5), ni (VERB 86, AUX 43, X 1), si (PRON 48, AUX 39, VERB 32, X 1), ste (AUX 32, VERB 7)

• je
  • VERB 639: tako življenje je bilo prej in in sedaj je
  • AUX 358: tako življenje je bilo prej in in sedaj je
  • PRON 6: sploh če je ne prebereš mislim tako da jo prebereš
  • INTJ 3: je ene štir [gap] ene š [gap] štirideset
• sem
  • AUX 174: pazim zdaj s [gap] zdaj pa spomladi pa sem rekel [gap]
  • VERB 33: ja klinc zdaj sem pa v tam v [gap]
  • ADV 4: a veš in sem pozabila enostavno … tisti
• bi
  • AUX 134: pol bi pa koga v rit špiknil
  • VERB 15: mmm hm te pa ne bi jaz v sredo
  • X 1: in se smejem kot matasta tipo ki že costi ti ga bi bujeri ser [all:laughter]
• so
  • VERB 125: [all:laughter] džingli so res za popizditi hudi
  • AUX 117: ja pa so vam pol tudi gnoj dali za te njive pa ?
  • X 2: genau wo ist den das ? ach so da
• smo
  • AUX 88: saj smo mulci od desetega leta naprej pasli
  • VERB 20: ker vemo da smo skoraj vsi no pod eee pod stresom eni bolj drugi manj
• bo
  • AUX 79: edino to da se nisi bal da te bo kdo počil kje
  • VERB 54: bo že bo že počasi
• bomo
  • AUX 46: eee ja no tako se bomo zmenile drugače veš ne tako
  • VERB 5: ne bomo ja
• ni
  • VERB 86: aha … ja ja … aha ni kaj ja ja
  • AUX 43: od maja meseca pa dokler ni bila slana smo pasli [:voice]
  • X 1: in seveda vlekel sem vprašanja noter in sem gledal samo da izvlečem da popravljam jaz da je tekst pa da jaz popravim kje je treba vejica kje je treba dvopičje ne pa da da jaz delam kaj je eee osebek povedek te pa sem ni mi nekako nisem ni [gap] nisem tu jaz bil cel ne
• si
  • PRON 48: kdaj si s [gap]
  • AUX 39: pa si bil že kaj doma nisi bil še nič tako
  • VERB 32: ako ako imaš imaš ako nimaš pa si revež
  • X 1: najmanj kar bi si [gap] glejte najmanj kar bi se … poglejte dovoli [gap] … ja
• ste
  • AUX 32: [gap] ker kaj a ste delali kake nove vaje ?
  • VERB 7: [speaker:laughter] [name:personal] kako pa vi kaj ste v redu spali ste v redu ?

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 26.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.575031).

The 1st highest number of forms (26) was observed with the lemma “biti”: bi, biti, bo, bodo, bojo, bom, bomo, bosta, boste, bova, boš, je, ni, nisem, nisi, nismo, niso, niste, nisva, sem, si, smo, so, sta, ste, sva.

AUX occurs with 6 features: sl-feat/Mood (1256; 100% instances), sl-feat/VerbForm (1256; 100% instances), sl-feat/Negative (1122; 89% instances), sl-feat/Number (1122; 89% instances), sl-feat/Person (1122; 89% instances), sl-feat/Tense (1122; 89% instances)

AUX occurs with 13 feature-value pairs: Mood=Cnd, Mood=Ind, Negative=Neg, Negative=Pos, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin

AUX occurs with 24 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (359 tokens). Examples: je, biti

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 2 different relations: sl-dep/aux (1217; 97% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (39; 3% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: VERB (1116; 89% instances), ADJ (72; 6% instances), NOUN (47; 4% instances), X (10; 1% instances), PROPN (4; 0% instances), PRON (3; 0% instances), ADV (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

1215 (97%) AUX nodes are leaves.

32 (3%) AUX nodes have one child.

4 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

5 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 4.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 10 different relations: sl-dep/advmod (16; 29% instances), sl-dep/mark (10; 18% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (8; 14% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (7; 13% instances), sl-dep/dobj (6; 11% instances), sl-dep/expl (4; 7% instances), sl-dep/iobj (2; 4% instances), sl-dep/advcl (1; 2% instances), sl-dep/dislocated (1; 2% instances), sl-dep/neg (1; 2% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: PRON (15; 27% instances), ADV (11; 20% instances), SCONJ (10; 18% instances), X (6; 11% instances), CONJ (5; 9% instances), NOUN (4; 7% instances), NUM (2; 4% instances), AUX (1; 2% instances), PART (1; 2% instances), VERB (1; 2% instances)

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AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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