expl: expletive
This relation captures expletive or pleonastic nominals. In the Pomak sentence below, the impersonal verb dúmi accepts a clausal subject but it also supports an expletive.
dúmi só óti si našól líry
said it that he found golden.sovereigns
`it is said that he has found golden.sovereigns'
expl:impers (dúmi, só)
csubj(dúmi, našól)
Theexpl relation is used to annotate clitic doubling.
Languages such as Pomak, standardly allow doubling of a lexical nominal and a pronominal clitic, with the former still appearing in its regular role as an argument of the predicate. In these cases, if only one of the lexical nominal
and the clitic appear in a clause, then whichever appears will be given the grammatical role of obj, iobj, obl – parallel to the treatment of
lexical nominals and pronouns in other languages, modulo the clitic pronoun having a different position in the sentence. However, if both occur,
the lexical nominal will be given the grammatical role of obj, iobj, obl , and the clitic will be treated as a pronominal copy,
which does not receive its own semantic role, and hence will get the role expl.
In the examples below, digits are used to indicate co-reference co-reference:
bábo, móne mó búla upári!
granny, me-1 me-1 sister burns
'Granny, my sister burns me!'
obj (upári, móne)
expl (upári, mó)
dádah ji go Fatní kitápete
gave.1st her-1 them-2 Faatni-1 books-the-2
`I gave Fatni the books'
expl(dádah, ji)
iobj(dádah, Fatní)
expl(dádah, go)
obj(dádah, kitápete)
In the case of ethic datives, both the strong and the weak type of the personal pronoun may appear together. Again, the strong type is marked as obl and the weak type as expl:
tébe-1 ti-1 je da rečéš
you you is to say
`it is up to you to say'
expl (rečéš, ti)
obl (rečéš, tébe)
UD recognizes several functions of reflexive pronouns (clitics) that are usually distinguished with the help of subtypes
of the expl relation (see also the report from the 2015 Uppsala discussion of clitics where
this approach was approved):
- expl:pv for reflexive clitics attached to inherently reflexive verbs (also called pronominal verbs in some grammars)
- expl:pass for reflexive clitics attached to transitive verbs and acting as a voice marker (passive or mediopassive)
- expl:impers for impersonal usage (works also with intransitive verbs)
The relevant documentation for Pomak is available.
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expl in other languages: [bg] [de] [el] [en] [fr] [fro] [gsw] [it] [no] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [sv] [u] [yue]