PartType: particle type
This feature takes the following values:
| Values: | Emp | Mod | Neg | Vbp |
Emp: Emphatic particle
The emphatic particle is focus marking =iz.
Examples:
- ud waranīgīhā xwaddōšagīh rāy ān=iz kār kē=š rāh ī ō wahišt padiš šāyēd būd xwēštan pad=iš nē ranǰēnd “And because of lecherous self-infatuation, (they) do not even care about that deed, through which the path to paradise (leads)!”
Mod: Modal particle
Modal particles mark, e.g., the optative mood, ē(w).
Examples:
- xwāstag ī=m paydāg kird mihrēn ē dārēd “Mihrēn shall possess the object which I have indicated.”
Neg: Negative particle
There are two negative particles in Middle Persian: nē, and prohibitive ma.
Examples:
- az ēn dō tis šarm nē abāyēd kirdan ēk az wēmārīh ud ud dudīgar az xwēšāwand ī driyōš “Of these two things, (one) should not be ashamed: one, of illness, second, of a poor relative.”
- xešmīh ma gīr “Don’t get angry!” (lit. do not take anger)
Vbp: Verbal particle
The adverbs bē “out, away” and hamē(w) “continuously” develop to aspect and dependent markers. Wherever a literal interpretation is not possible, they are considered to be verbal particles.
Examples:
- čē andar zamīg be mānd az ān tōhmag xrafstar hamē hambūsēnēnd “Whatever remained inside the earth, (they) developed (imperfective) noxious creatues out of that seed.”
- asmān ǰudgōhrīh rāy ōwōn be tarsīd čiyōn mēš az gurg larzēd “The sky was so afraid (perfective) due to its substantial differentness, just like a sheep trembling before a wolf.”
PartType in other languages: [af] [de] [ga] [gd] [gv] [ha] [ka] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ro] [say] [sga] [tl] [u] [uk] [xmf] [yrl] [zh]