PartType: particle type
| Values: | Emp | Inf | Int | Mod | Neg | Vbp | Exs |
Types of particles are found in various tagsets and are highly language-specific. The list here is not exhaustive. Language-specific documentation should provide a version of this page tailored to the given language.
Mod: modal particle
Examples: [bg] май (possibly), нека (let), [cs] ať, kéž, nechť (let)
Emp: particle of emphasis
Examples: [bg] даже (even)
Inf: infinitive marker
Examples: [en] to, [de] zu, [da] at, [sv] att
Int: question particle
Required in some languages to form a yes-no question.
Examples: [pl] czy
Neg: negation particle
Negates a clause or a smaller phrase.
Examples: [en] not, [de] nicht
Vbp: separated verb prefix in German
They are analogous to verbal particles in other Germanic languages, which again overlap with adpositions and adverbs. Do we want to tag them as adpositions/adverbs and add this feature?
Examples: [de] vor (in stellen Sie sich vor)
Exs: existential particle in Nheengatu
The existential particle typically states the existence of an entity and/or introduces a discourse referent (Cruz, 2011).
Examples:
[yrl] aikwé in Aikwé siiya yawaraté iké. “There are many jaguars here.”
Prs: presentative particle in Nheengatu
Kouwenberg (2012:34):
“A presentative particle is a deictic word that is used ‘to focus the hearer’s attention on entities in the surrounding situation or in the universe of discourse’ (Diessel 1999, 79; see also Andersen/Keenan 1985, 279 and Lipiński 1997, 472–74). Well known examples include French voici and voilà, Latin ecce […].”
Accoding to Cruz (2011:362), the presentative particle in Nheengatu “is a deictic that presents an entity, pointing to it”, allowing “the speaker to indicate the existence of an entity that is present in the communicative situation.”
Example:
[yrl] xukúi in Xukúi i makira aíwa. (Cruz 2011:453) “Here is his dirty hammock.”
References
Cruz, A. (2011). Fonologia e gramática do nheengatú: A língua falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa. LOT. Kouwenberg, N. J. C. (2012). Spatial Deixis in Akkadian: Demonstrative Pronouns, Presentative Particles and Locational Adverbs. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 102(1), 17-75. https://doi.org/10.1515/za-2012-0002
PartType in other languages: [af] [de] [ga] [gd] [gv] [ka] [pcm] [ro] [sga] [tl] [u] [uk] [yrl] [zh]