iobj

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`iobj`: indirect object

The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of transfer. In Khoekhoe direct and indirect objects are marked identically (with the oblique -a).



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Tita ge ǂō-e ǁîba gere mā . \n I DECL salt him PST.IPFV give .
iobj(mā, ǁîba)
iobj(give, him)
{
    "text": "Tita ge ǂō-e ǁîba gere mā . \n I DECL salt him PST.IPFV give . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 30, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 32, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 37, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 42, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 46, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T14", "token", [ [ 55, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T15", "token", [ [ 60, 61 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T14" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T12" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

The indirect object could also be realized as an object pronoun following the predicate:



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Tita ge ǂō-e gere mā bi . \n I DECL salt him PST.IPFV give him .
iobj(mā, bi)
iobj(give, him)
{
    "text": "Tita ge ǂō-e gere mā bi . \n I DECL salt him PST.IPFV give him . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 21, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 24, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 28, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 30, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 35, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T12", "token", [ [ 40, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T13", "token", [ [ 44, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T14", "token", [ [ 53, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T15", "token", [ [ 58, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T16", "token", [ [ 62, 63 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T14" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T12" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

When verbs occur with one object, it is iobj if:

* Another, more patient-like object may be inserted into the clause without affecting the morphosyntax of the object in question

* The verb licenses the object in combination with a [ccomp](naq-dep/ccomp) (the [ccomp](naq-dep/ccomp) may be analyzed as taking the place of an [obj](naq-dep/obj))

For example, the verb ǁkhāǁkhā “teach” may occur with obj, iobj, or both:



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
ǁîb ge ǁîna ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL them economics IPFV teach .
obj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba)
iobj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁîna)
obj(teach, economics)
iobj(teach, them)
{
    "text": "ǁîb ge ǁîna ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL them economics IPFV teach . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 27, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 30, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 39, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 43, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 46, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 51, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 56, 65 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T13", "token", [ [ 66, 70 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T14", "token", [ [ 71, 76 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T15", "token", [ [ 77, 78 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R3", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T14" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T12" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R4", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T14" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T11" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
ǁîb ge ǁîna ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL them IPFV teach .
iobj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁîna)
iobj(teach, them)
{
    "text": "ǁîb ge ǁîna ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL them IPFV teach . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 15, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 24, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 28, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 31, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T10", "token", [ [ 36, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 41, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T12", "token", [ [ 46, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T13", "token", [ [ 52, 53 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T12" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T10" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
ǁîb ge ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL economics IPFV teach .
obj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba)
obj(teach, economics)
{
    "text": "ǁîb ge ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL economics IPFV teach . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T4", "token", [ [ 22, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T5", "token", [ [ 25, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T6", "token", [ [ 34, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T8", "token", [ [ 38, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T9", "token", [ [ 41, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T10", "token", [ [ 46, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T11", "token", [ [ 56, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T12", "token", [ [ 61, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T13", "token", [ [ 67, 68 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-R1", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R2", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T12" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T10" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ]
}



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
ǁîb ge ǁîna ra ǁkhāǁkhā , mati i ǀaena ra nî ǀaere sa . \n He DECL them IPFV teach , how it firewood IPFV will collect NMLZ.OBL .
ccomp(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǀaeresa)
iobj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁîna)
ccomp(teach, collect)
iobj(teach, them)
{
    "text": "ǁîb ge ǁîna ra ǁkhāǁkhā , mati i ǀaena ra nî ǀaere sa . \n He DECL them IPFV teach , how it firewood IPFV will collect NMLZ.OBL . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T5", "token", [ [ 15, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T6", "token", [ [ 24, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T7", "token", [ [ 26, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T8", "token", [ [ 31, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T9", "token", [ [ 33, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T10", "token", [ [ 39, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T11", "token", [ [ 42, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T12", "token", [ [ 45, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T13", "token", [ [ 51, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T14", "token", [ [ 54, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T16", "token", [ [ 58, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T17", "token", [ [ 61, 65 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T18", "token", [ [ 66, 70 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T19", "token", [ [ 71, 75 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T20", "token", [ [ 76, 81 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T21", "token", [ [ 82, 83 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T22", "token", [ [ 84, 87 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T23", "token", [ [ 88, 90 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T24", "token", [ [ 91, 99 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T25", "token", [ [ 100, 104 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T26", "token", [ [ 105, 109 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T27", "token", [ [ 110, 117 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T28", "token", [ [ 118, 126 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T29", "token", [ [ 127, 128 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-R3", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T20" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T27" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-R4", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T20" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T18" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": true,
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ]
}

For the indirect object of verb with applicative voice is used iobj:appl sub-relation.



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
ǁGuiǃāba te re . \n Explain_for me IPFV .
iobj(ǁGuiǃāba, te)
iobj(Explain_for, me)
{
    "text": "ǁGuiǃāba te re . \n Explain_for me IPFV . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-7-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T2", "token", [ [ 9, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T3", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T6", "token", [ [ 19, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T9", "token", [ [ 39, 40 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-7-R1", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T7" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "7" ]
}

iobj in other languages: [bej] [bg] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fr] [fro] [gsw] [gub] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [la] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]

iobj: indirect object

`iobj`: indirect object