iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of transfer. In Khoekhoe direct and indirect objects are marked identically (with the oblique -a).
Tita ge ǂō-e ǁîba gere mā . \n I DECL salt him PST.IPFV give .
iobj(mā, ǁîba)
iobj(give, him)
The indirect object could also be realized as an object pronoun following the predicate:
Tita ge ǂō-e gere mā bi . \n I DECL salt him PST.IPFV give him .
iobj(mā, bi)
iobj(give, him)
When verbs occur with one object, it is iobj if:
-
Another, more patient-like object may be inserted into the clause without affecting the morphosyntax of the object in question
-
The verb licenses the object in combination with a ccomp (the ccomp may be analyzed as taking the place of an obj)
For example, the verb ǁkhāǁkhā “teach” may occur with obj, iobj, or both:
ǁîb ge ǁîna ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL them economics IPFV teach .
obj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba)
iobj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁîna)
obj(teach, economics)
iobj(teach, them)
ǁîb ge ǁîna ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL them IPFV teach .
iobj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁîna)
iobj(teach, them)
ǁîb ge ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba ra ǁkhāǁkhā . \n He DECL economics IPFV teach .
obj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁuisâuǁkhāsiba)
obj(teach, economics)
ǁîb ge ǁîna ra ǁkhāǁkhā , mati i ǀaena ra nî ǀaere sa . \n He DECL them IPFV teach , how it firewood IPFV will collect NMLZ.OBL .
ccomp(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǀaere sa)
iobj(ǁkhāǁkhā, ǁîna)
ccomp(teach, collect)
iobj(teach, them)
For the indirect object of a verb in the applicative voice the iobj:appl sub-relation is used.
ǁGuiǃāba te re . \n Explain_for me IPFV .
iobj(ǁGuiǃāba, te)
iobj(Explain_for, me)
iobj in other languages: [bej] [bg] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fr] [fro] [gsw] [gub] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [la] [naq] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]