expl: expletive
The expl relation is used for a pronominal clitic that does not have a separate syntactic role.
Ligurian subject clitics include ti in the second person singular and o/a in the third person singular; some other varieties spoken outside of Genoa also use third-person plural i. When a nominal or clausal subject fills the subject role for the same predicate, it takes the appropriate subject relation, including any subtype, and its doubling clitic takes expl. An argumental clitic that fills the subject role itself takes nsubj or the appropriate subtype; nonreferential clitics take expl.
1 o o DET _ _ 2 det _ Gloss=the
2 parrego parrego NOUN _ _ 4 nsubj _ Gloss=priest
3 o o PRON _ _ 4 expl _ Gloss=he
4 cianzeiva cianze VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=was-crying
In o î ciamma “he calls them”, o is nsubj. In dislocation, the clitic retains its argument relation and the detached nominal takes dislocated.
Plain expl is also used for a non-reflexive clitic with no separate syntactic role, such as existential or presentational ghe or ne when it forms part of a lexicalised verb without an independent meaning. A clitic with its own syntactic role instead takes the corresponding relation, such as obj, iobj, or obl.
1 se se PRON _ _ 3 expl:pv _ _
2 ne ne PRON _ _ 3 expl _ _
3 van anâ VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=they-leave
The subtypes distinguish reflexive clitics in pronominal verbs and intensive uses (expl:pv), passive or middle se (expl:pass), and impersonal se (expl:impers).
expl in other languages: [bg] [de] [el] [en] [fr] [fro] [gsw] [hbo] [it] [lij] [naq] [no] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [sv] [u] [yue]