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Case: case

Case is usually an inflectional feature of nouns and, depending on language, other parts of speech (pronouns, adjectives, determiners, numerals, verbs) that mark agreement with nouns. In some tagsets it is also valency feature of adpositions (saying that the adposition requires its argument to be in that case).

Case helps specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence, especially in free-word-order languages. For example, the nominative and accusative cases often distinguish subject and object of the verb, while in fixed-word-order languages these functions would be distinguished merely by the positions of the nouns in the sentence.

Since Portuguese is not a free-word-language, case is used only to describe (pronouns that inherited this feature from Latin.

We have three cases in Portuguese: nominative (Nom), dative (Dat) and accusative (Acc).

Examples

• nominative eu, ele, você, tu, nós accusative lo (in “visando dotá-lo de poderes”), se (in “a copa que amanhã se disputa”) dative lhe, lhes (in “políticas que lhes dizem respeito”)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 3 different values: Acc, Dat, Nom. Some words have combined values of the feature; 2 combinations have been observed: Acc|Dat, Acc|Nom.

2742 tokens (1%) have a non-empty value of Case. 60 types (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. 13 lemmas (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. The feature is used with 1 part-of-speech tags: PRON (2742; 1% instances).

PRON

2742 PRON tokens (41% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: PronType=Prs (2737; 100%), Person=3 (2416; 88%), Reflex=EMPTY (1948; 71%), Number=Sing (1730; 63%), Gender=Masc (1456; 53%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:

• Acc (1910; 70% of non-empty Case): se, -se, o, me, -lo, a, si, nos, -la, -me
• Acc,Dat (4; 0% of non-empty Case): -se, nos
• Acc,Nom (71; 3% of non-empty Case): ele, ela, eles, nós, elas, você
• Dat (227; 8% of non-empty Case): lhe, -lhe, me, -me, lhes, nos, se, -nos, -lhes, -se
• Nom (530; 19% of non-empty Case): ele, eu, eles, ela, você, nós, elas, vocês, voce, vós
• EMPTY (3976): que, isso, quem, o, tudo, nada, isto, qual, a, os

Paradigm nós	Acc,Dat	Acc,Nom	Nom	Acc	Dat
Gender=Masc|Person=1		nós	nós	nos	nos, -nos
Gender=Masc|Person=1|Reflex=Yes				-nos, nos	nos
Gender=Masc|Person=3				-nos
Gender=Fem|Person=1		nós		nós
Person=1		nós	nós	nos, -nos, nós	-nos, nos*, nos
Person=1|Reflex=Yes	nos			nos, -nos	-nos, nos, -no

Relations with Agreement in Case

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case: PRON –[conj]–> PRON (5; 100%).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese-Bosque)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 3 different values: Acc, Dat, Nom.

2542 tokens (1%) have a non-empty value of Case. 46 types (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. 13 lemmas (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. The feature is used with 1 part-of-speech tags: PRON (2542; 1% instances).

PRON

2542 PRON tokens (36% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: PronType=Prs (2541; 100%), Person=3 (1938; 76%), Number=Sing (1622; 64%), Gender=Masc (1364; 54%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:

• Acc (1781; 70% of non-empty Case): se, o, me, a, nos, lo, os, la, as, se-
• Dat (228; 9% of non-empty Case): lhe, me, nos, lhes, se, lhe-, Ihe, me-, no, vos
• Nom (533; 21% of non-empty Case): ele, eu, eles, ela, você, nós, elas, vocês, voce, vós
• EMPTY (4516): que, o, isso, quem, tudo, nada, isto, os, qual, todos

Paradigm ele	Nom	Acc	Dat
Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem		o
Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs	ele	o, lo, no	lhe, lhe-, Ihe
Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs	eles
Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs	ela		lhe
Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs	elas
Gender=Unsp|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs			lhe

Relations with Agreement in Case

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case: PRON –[conj]–> PRON (3; 100%), PRON –[parataxis]–> PRON (1; 100%).

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Case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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