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xcomp: open clausal complement

The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar. An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers.

Examples

Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin `You must look at the statistics to see that the standards dropped’

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Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin \n Is enough look at the statistics for to see that dropped the standards
xcomp(leor, fheiceáil)
{
    "text": "Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin \n Is enough look at the statistics for to see that dropped the standards ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 17, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 20, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 35, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 40, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 42, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 52, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 56, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 61, 63 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 64, 74 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T15", "token", [ [ 77, 79 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T16", "token", [ [ 80, 86 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T17", "token", [ [ 87, 91 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T18", "token", [ [ 92, 94 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T19", "token", [ [ 95, 98 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T20", "token", [ [ 99, 109 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T21", "token", [ [ 110, 113 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T22", "token", [ [ 114, 116 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T23", "token", [ [ 117, 120 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T24", "token", [ [ 121, 125 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T25", "token", [ [ 126, 133 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T26", "token", [ [ 134, 137 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T27", "token", [ [ 138, 147 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T9" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile `I have to go home’

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Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile \n Have I to go home
xcomp(Caithfidh, dhul)
{
    "text": "Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile \n Have I to go home ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 10, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 20, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 30, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 35, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 37, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 40, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 43, 47 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

The UD Irish scheme uses xcomp to denote progressive aspectual phrases, the structure of which follows: Be + SUBJ + at (ag) + Verbal Noun In these cases, and in keeping with the analysis of prepositional phrases, we attach the verbal noun to the higher verb (“be”) (using the xcomp label instead of the nmod used in standard PPs). The preposition is then a dependent of the verbal noun, with that relationship labelled as case.

Tá sé ag rith `He is running’

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Tá sé ag rith \n Is he at running
xcomp(Tá, rith)
case(rith, ag)
{
    "text": "Tá sé ag rith \n Is he at running ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 9, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 16, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 19, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 22, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 25, 32 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

There are also some similar periphrastic constructions similar to these progressives that use le or ar:

Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil `They would be made available’

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Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil \n Would_be_put they on getting
xcomp(Chuirfeadh,fáil)
case(fáil, ar)
{
    "text": "Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil \n Would_be_put they on getting ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 11, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 15, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 18, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 25, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 38, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 43, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 46, 53 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)

This relation is universal. There are 1 language-specific subtypes of xcomp: xcomp:pred.

610 nodes (3%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.

598 instances of xcomp (98%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 6.44918032786885.

The following 15 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: VERB-NOUN (395; 65% instances), NOUN-NOUN (133; 22% instances), VERB-VERB (18; 3% instances), ADJ-NOUN (15; 2% instances), PRON-NOUN (13; 2% instances), NOUN-VERB (10; 2% instances), PROPN-NOUN (6; 1% instances), X-NOUN (5; 1% instances), VERB-ADP (4; 1% instances), ADP-NOUN (3; 0% instances), SCONJ-NOUN (3; 0% instances), NOUN-ADJ (2; 0% instances), CONJ-NOUN (1; 0% instances), DET-NOUN (1; 0% instances), NOUN-ADP (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 3 xcomp	color:blue
1	(	(	PUNCT	Punct	_	3	punct	_	_
2	Ag	ag	ADP	Simp	_	3	case	_	_
3	béicíl	béicíl	NOUN	Noun	VerbForm=Ger	5	xcomp	_	_
4	)	)	PUNCT	Punct	_	3	punct	_	_
5	Téigh	téigh	VERB	VTI	Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2	0	root	_	_
6	abhaile	abhaile	ADV	Dir	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	Punct	_	8	punct	_	_
8	a	a	PART	Voc	PartType=Voc	9	case:voc	_	_
9	bhithiúnaigh	bithiúnach	NOUN	Noun	Case=Voc|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	5	vocative	_	_
10	!	!	PUNCT	!	_	5	punct	_	_

# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 4 xcomp	color:blue
1	Turas	turas	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	mí	mí	PROPN	Noun	Case=Gen|Form=HPref|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	1	compound	_	_
3	le	le	ADP	Simp	_	4	case	_	_
4	fáil	fáil	NOUN	Noun	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
5	ar	ar	ADP	Simp	_	7	case	_	_
6	sheasca	seasca	NUM	Num	Form=Len|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	punt	punt	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 10 xcomp	color:blue
1	Ba	is	VERB	Cop	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Cop	2	cop	_	_
2	léir	léir	ADJ	Adj	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	go	go	PART	Vb	PartType=Cmpl	4	mark:prt	_	_
4	raibh	bí	VERB	PastInd	Form=Ecl|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past	2	csubj:cop	_	_
5	fhios	fios	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
6	acu	ag	ADP	Prep	Number=Plur|Person=3	4	nmod:prep	_	_
7	cad	cad	PRON	Q	PronType=Int	10	nsubj	_	_
8	é	é	PRON	Pers	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3	7	nmod	_	_
9	a	a	PART	Vb	PartType=Vb|PronType=Rel	10	mark:prt	_	_
10	tharla	tarlaigh	VERB	VTI	Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past	4	xcomp	_	_
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_

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xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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