xcomp: open clausal complement
The dependency type xcomp is reserved for clausal complements which have an external subject, that is, whose subject is shared with the complemented verb (a phenomenon also known as subject control). Note that the subject of the complementing clause must be the subject of the complemented verb, not any other sentence element (in other cases the dependency type xcomp:ds should be used instead). These complements are always non-finite.
Hän alkoi hakata halkoja . \n He started chopping the_wood .
nsubj(alkoi-2, Hän-1)
xcomp(alkoi-2, hakata-3)
dobj(hakata-3, halkoja-4)
punct(alkoi-2, .-5)
Many of the complements with an external subject resemble cases that are analyzed as main verbs with auxiliaries. Both auxiliaries and xcomp complements share their subject with another verb, but only a closed list of verbs are analyzed as auxiliaries (see aux). Note also that in auxiliary cases the second verb is the governor, whereas with xcomp the first verb becomes governor (unless the word order is inverse).
Secondary predicates
The xcomp relation is also used in constructions that are known as secondary predicates or predicatives, which are core arguments of the predicate. Most commonly these are adjetives, but also participial and nominal arguments are possible. For example in the sentence Hän teki siitä hyvin vaikeaa there are two mixed predicates: 1) hän teki jotain, and 2) se on vaikeaa. The secondary predication can be provided to any higher clause element.
Hän teki siitä hyvin vaikeaa . \n He made (from_)it very difficult .
nsubj(teki, Hän)
nmod(teki, siitä)
advmod(vaikeaa, hyvin)
xcomp(teki, vaikeaa)
punct(teki, .)
Minulla oli mukavaa .
xcomp(oli, mukavaa)
nmod(oli, Minulla)
punct(oli, .)
Note: Adjectival complements correspond to acomp (adjectival complement) in
the original Stanford Dependencies and the Turku Dependency
Treebank.
Diffs
Secondary predication is not recognized in FinnTreeBank (FI_FTB).
Therefore xcomp is always a non-finite verb
(or a predicative of a non-finite copular clause) in FI_FTB.
As the examples above represent types of result and state clauses
(ISK § 891),
in FI_FTB they have been annotated using predicatives
(see chapter Copulas in Specific constructions).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish)
This relation is universal.
There are 1 language-specific subtypes of xcomp: xcomp:ds.
2307 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
2199 instances of xcomp (95%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.60988296488947.
The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/VERB (1729; 75% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADJ (396; 17% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/NOUN (136; 6% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/VERB (19; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/ADJ (8; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/VERB (8; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADV (7; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances).
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1 Lopulta lopulta ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _
2 saatiin saada VERB V Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
3 halikuva hali#kuva NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 dobj _ _
4 otettua ottaa VERB V Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 2 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
5 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Meillä minä PRON Pron Case=Ade|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nmod _ _
2 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 aika aika ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
4 kesäistä kesäinen ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 2 xcomp _ _
5 :) :) SYM Symb _ 2 discourse _ _
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1 Joten joten ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
2 tämä tämä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 nsubj 6:nsubj:cop _
3 ei ei VERB V Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 neg _ _
4 tule tulla VERB V Connegative=Yes|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 olemaan olla VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
6 kynnys kynnys NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 xcomp _ _
7 tiellä tie NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
8 makkaranvalmistukseen makkara#valmistus NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish-FTB)
This relation is universal.
There are 1 language-specific subtypes of xcomp: xcomp:ds.
1268 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
1253 instances of xcomp (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.44085173501577.
The following 5 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/VERB (1241; 98% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADJ (12; 1% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/NOUN (12; 1% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
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1 Ne ne PRON Pron,Dem,Pl,Nom Case=Nom|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 2 nsubj _ _
2 meni mennä VERB V,Act,Ind,Past,Sg3 Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 uimaa uida VERB V,Act,InfMa,Ill Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 2 xcomp _ Alt=xcomp
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1 Lupaan luvata VERB V,Act,Ind,Pres,Sg1 Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 olla olla VERB V,Act,InfA,Lat Case=Lat|InfForm=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1 ccomp _ _
3 seuraavat seuraava ADJ A,Pl,Nom Case=Nom|Number=Plur 4 amod _ _
4 25 25 NUM Num,Card NumType=Card 5 nummod _ _
5 vuotta vuosi NOUN N,Sg,Par Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
6 varovaisempi varovainen ADJ A,Cmp,Sg,Nom Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Number=Sing 1 xcomp _ Alt=1_xcomp
7 . . PUNCT Pun _ 6 punct _ _
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1 Mika mika PROPN N,Prop,Sg,Nom Case=Nom|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
2 luulee luulla VERB V,Act,Ind,Pres,Sg3 Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 olevansa olla VERB V,Act,PcpVa,Sg,Gen,Px3 Case=Gen|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 2 ccomp _ _
4 uhri uhri NOUN N,Sg,Nom Case=Nom|Number=Sing 2 xcomp _ Alt=2_xcomp
5 . . PUNCT Pun _ 4 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]