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xcomp: open clausal complement

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for xcomp.

An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the subject of the next higher clause). This is often referred to as obligatory control. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.

Можеш ли да плуваш ? \n Can PART to swim ?
xcomp(Можеш, плуваш)
xcomp(Can, swim)
Двете сестри започнаха да си шепнат още по-ниско . \n Two-the sisters started to REFL whisper even lower .
xcomp(започнаха, шепнат)
xcomp(started, whisper)

Note that the above condition “without its own subject” does not mean that a clause is an xcomp just because its subject is not overt. The subject must be necessarily inherited from a fixed position in the higher clause. That is, there should be no available interpretation where the subject of the lower clause may be distinct from the specified role of the upper clause. In cases where the missing subject may or must be distinct from a fixed role in the higher clause, ccomp should be used instead, as below. This includes cases of arbitrary subjects and anaphoric control.

Каза да не се-шегувам . \n Said-he to not REFL.kid-I  .
ccomp(Каза, се-шегувам)
ccomp(Said-he, REFL.kid-I)

Treebank Statistics (UD_Bulgarian)

This relation is universal.

497 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.

490 instances of xcomp (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 2.45070422535211.

The following 6 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/VERB (458; 92% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/NOUN (19; 4% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/ADJ (11; 2% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/ADV (6; 1% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), bg-pos/VERB-bg-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 5 xcomp	color:blue
1	-	-	PUNCT	punct	_	3	punct	_	_
2	Но	но	CONJ	Cc	_	3	cc	_	_
3	успяхме	успея	VERB	Vppif-o1p	Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
4	да	да	PART	Tx	_	5	aux	_	_
5	заемем	заема-(се)	VERB	Vpptf-r1p	Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	3	xcomp	_	_
6	добри	добър	ADJ	A-pi	Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur	7	amod	_	_
7	позиции	позиция	NOUN	Ncfpi	Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	5	dobj	_	_
8	в	в	ADP	R	_	10	case	_	_
9	световната	световен	ADJ	Afsd	Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	10	amod	_	_
10	федерация	федерация	NOUN	Ncfsi	Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	?	?	PUNCT	punct	_	3	punct	_	_

# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 3 xcomp	color:blue
1	Правя	правя-(се)	VERB	Vpitf-r1s	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
2	те	аз	PRON	Ppetas2	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs	1	dobj	_	_
3	бан	бан	NOUN	Ncmsi	Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	1	xcomp	_	_
4	на	на	ADP	R	_	6	case	_	_
5	Търновската	търновски	ADJ	Afsd	Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	6	amod	_	_
6	област	област	NOUN	Ncfsi	Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	.	.	PUNCT	punct	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 6 xcomp	color:blue
1	Емоциите	емоция	NOUN	Ncfpd	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	щяха	ща	VERB	Vpitf-m3p	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
3	да	да	PART	Tx	_	5	aux	_	_
4	го	аз	PRON	Ppetas3m	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	dobj	_	_
5	правят	правя-(се)	VERB	Vpitf-r3p	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	2	ccomp	_	_
6	уязвим	уязвим	ADJ	Amsi	Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	_
7	.	.	PUNCT	punct	_	2	punct	_	_


xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]