Polarity: polarity
| Values: | ¨¨Pos | Neg |
Pos: postitive
The imperfective (or durative) aspect describes an action that happans or is happening for a period of time, e.g. either continuous (like continuous tenses in English) or repetitive actions.
It is used for:
- present indicative
- simple forms = present meaning
- compound forms with the auxiliary به bë = future imperfective meaning
- past indicative
- imperative
- conditional
- infinitive
In the present indicative use, it describes an action that has begun in the past, keeps happening through the present moment and will end in the future.
Examples
- present, continuous: اوس لولم os lwalë́m “I am reading now”
- future, repetitive: به تا ته هره ورځ لکم bë tâ ta hára wraż likë́m “I will write you every day”
- past, continuous: ما پرون یو کتاب لوستۀ mâ parún yaw kitấb lwastë́ “I was reading a book yesterday”
- imperative: کتاب لوله kitấb lwalá “Write a book”
- conditional (potential use): کور جوړولای شم kor ǰoṛawë́lây šëm “I can build a house”
- infinitive (passive use): کتاب لوستل کېږي kitấb lwastë́l keǧí “The book is being read”
Neg: negative
The perfective (or punctual) aspect describes an action understood as occurring in one moment.
It is used for:
- past indicative
- imperative
- conditional
- infinitive
The present itself is a moment, moving towards, so it is not possible to speak about a punctual action in the present, because it immediately falls into the past.
- compound forms of subjunctive (formally present perfective) the auxiliary به bë = future perfective meaning
The present forms of the perfective, that would otherwise not have any meaning,
are used for the subjunctive mood, that do not distinguish the aspect. It forms compound future perfective
forms with the auxiliary به bë, but neither of its parts bear the
Aspect=Perffeature. For regular verbs, the perfective forms are created from their imperfective counterparts using a stressed prefix و wë́.
Examples
- past: تۀ ما ته راغلې të mâ ta rấġle “You came to me”
- future: به یو کتاب ولیکم bë yaw kitấb wë́likëm “I will write a book”
- imperative: کتاب ولوله kitấb wë́lwala “Write a book”
- conditional (potential use): په ماښام راغلای شم pë mâx̌ấm râġë́lây šëm “I can come in the evening”
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