Voice: voice
Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and pacient.
Act: active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (pacient).
All finite verb forms and the active/past participles are tagged Voice=Act.
Examples
- Napadli jsme nepřítele. “We attacked the enemy” (the active participle napadli can be used to form either past tense or conditional mood; here it forms the past tense.)
Pass: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb.
Only the passive participle is tagged Voice=Pass.
Examples
- Jsme napadeni nepřítelem. “We are attacked by the enemy” (the passive participle napadeni is used to form passive in all tenses; here it forms the present passive.)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
154790 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
24977 types (19%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
6347 lemmas (11%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (139146; 9% instances), cs-pos/AUX (11146; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (4498; 0% instances).
VERB
139146 cs-pos/VERB tokens (84% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (125084; 90%), Number=Sing (89367; 64%), Gender=EMPTY (75751; 54%), VerbForm=Fin (75729; 54%), Mood=Ind (75729; 54%), Tense=Pres (74329; 53%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(129620; 93% of non-emptyVoice): je, jsou, má, není, byl, může, bylo, řekl, měl, majíPass(9526; 7% of non-emptyVoice): řečeno, přesvědčen, připravena, připraven, otevřena, rozhodnuto, zvolen, uzavřena, uvedeno, založenaEMPTY(26488): být, mít, získat, stát, hrát, říci, platit, muset, dělat, dostat
| Paradigm říci | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | neřekli | |
| Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | řekli | |
| Animacy=Inan|Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | řekly | |
| Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans | řkouce | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | neřekl | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | řekl | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | neřekla | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | řekla | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | neřeklo | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | řeklo | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | řečeno | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | neřeknu | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | neřekne | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | neřeknou | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | řeknu | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | řekne | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | řekneme | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | řeknete | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | řeknou |
AUX
11146 cs-pos/AUX tokens (54% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (10350; 93%), Gender=EMPTY (7894; 71%), VerbForm=Fin (7893; 71%), Mood=Ind (7893; 71%), Number=Sing (6212; 56%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(11146; 100% of non-emptyVoice): bude, jsem, jsme, byl, budou, byla, je, bylo, byly, jsouEMPTY(9649): by, být, bychom, bych, byste, budiž, bys, býti
ADJ
4498 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (2% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (4498; 100%), Negative=Pos (4367; 97%), Number=Sing (2627; 58%), Gender=Masc (2336; 52%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(4498; 100% of non-emptyVoice): rozhodující, vedoucí, následující, vynikající, týkající, odpovídající, rostoucí, žijící, kupující, následujícíchEMPTY(176313): první, další, české, nové, druhé, poslední, státní, dalších, možné, vlastní
Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (940) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (13256; 87%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (6270; 69%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (5031; 74%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (817; 75%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (167; 88%),
VERB –[cc]–> VERB (25; 83%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (17; 89%),
AUX –[conj]–> AUX (6; 100%).
Voice in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]