parataxis: parataxis
The parataxis relation (from Greek for “place side by side”) is a relation between a word (often the main predicate of a sentence) and other elements, such as a sentential parenthetical or a clause after a “:” or a “;”, placed side by side without any explicit coordination, subordination, or argument relation with the head word. Parataxis is a discourse-like equivalent of coordination, and so usually obeys an iconic ordering. Hence it is normal for the first part of a sentence to be the head and the second part to be the parataxis dependent, regardless of the headedness properties of the language. But things do get more complicated, such as cases of parentheticals, which appear medially.
An inventory of constructions to which parataxis has been applied
Treatment of reported speech
For this reported speech example:
Ten člověk , řekl Honza , odjel brzy ráno . \n The guy , said Honza , left early in-the-morning .
parataxis(odjel, řekl)
parataxis(left, said)
there are paraphrases that convey essentially the same meaning but with a different syntactic structure. When the reported speech is embedded in a subordinate clause (with or without an overt complementizer že “that”), the subordinate clause is a ccomp of the speech verb. When the reported speech follows the speech verb and is separated by a colon, the reported speech forms a main clause that attaches to the preceding main clause with a parataxis relation, hence with the speech verb as its head. However, when the speech verb occurs as a medial or final parenthetical, the relation is reversed and the speech verb is treated as a parataxis of the reported speech. This analysis is not uncontroversial but follows many authorities, such as Huddleston and Pullum (2002), The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (see chapter 11, section 9).
Honza řekl , že ten člověk odjel brzy ráno . \n Honza said , that the guy left early in-the-morning .
ccomp(řekl, odjel)
ccomp(said, left)
Honza řekl : „ Ten člověk odjel brzy ráno . “ \n Honza said : “ The guy left early in-the-morning . ”
parataxis(řekl, odjel)
parataxis(said, left)
„ Ten člověk odjel brzy ráno , “ řekl Honza . \n “ The guy left early in-the-morning , ” said Honza .
parataxis(odjel, řekl)
parataxis(left, said)
„ Ten člověk , “ řekl Honza , „ odjel brzy ráno . “ \n “ The guy , ” said Honza , “ left early in-the-morning . ”
parataxis(odjel, řekl)
parataxis(left, said)
An argument for this analysis is that in the cases analyzed as embedding, the entire clause can be further embedded (I was taken aback when John said the guy left early in the morning.), while this is not possible with medial or final placement of the speech verb (*I was taken aback when the guy left early this morning, John said.).
News article bylines
The parataxis relation should be used to connect the parts of a news article byline.
There does not seem to be a better relation to use.
Washington ( CNN ) :
parataxis(Washington, CNN)
Interjected clauses and phrases
V posledních letech se srovnávání rozšiřuje , přinejmenším pokud jde o platy , na sousední státy . \n In recent years is comparison extended , at-least as concerns about salaries , to neighboring countries .
parataxis(rozšiřuje, jde)
parataxis(extended, concerns)
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
At present the PDT data converted to UD use parataxis only for interjected parentheticals.
The other examples above are analyzed differently (legacy PDT structure).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
1861 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as parataxis.
1232 instances of parataxis (66%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 8.86673831273509.
The following 40 pairs of parts of speech are connected with parataxis: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (1100; 59% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (276; 15% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (117; 6% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/VERB (67; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (58; 3% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/VERB (47; 3% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (46; 2% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (16; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADP-cs-pos/NOUN (15; 1% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADJ (14; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/VERB (13; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (12; 1% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PRON (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/ADJ (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/NOUN (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/ADJ (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/PRON (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NUM (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/CONJ-cs-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADP-cs-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADP-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADP-cs-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/CONJ-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PUNCT-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SCONJ-cs-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SCONJ-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances).
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1 Jak jak SCONJ J,------------- _ 3 advmod _ LId=jak-2
2 je být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 cop _ _
3 vidět vidět VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 11 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 11 punct _ _
5 McEnroe McEnroe PROPN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Sur|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ _
6 si se PRON P7-X3---------- Case=Dat|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Variant=Short 11 expl _ LGloss=(zvr._zájmeno/částice)
7 z z ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 9 case _ LId=z-1
8 anglické anglický ADJ AAFS2----1A---- Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 tradice tradice NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 iobj _ _
10 nic nic PRON PW--4---------- Case=Acc|Negative=Neg|PronType=Neg 11 dobj _ _
11 nedělá dělat VERB VB-S---3P-NA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 11 punct _ _
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1 Kamióny kamión NOUN NNIP1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
2 ze z ADP RV--2---------- AdpType=Voc|Case=Gen 3 case _ LId=z-1
3 silnice silnice NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 dep _ _
4 na na ADP RR--4---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 5 case _ LId=na-1
5 dráhu dráha NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 dep _ _
6 VÝVOZNÍ vývozní ADJ AAIP1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 7 amod _ _
7 TALÓNY talón NOUN NNIP1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ _
8 SE se PRON P7-X4---------- Case=Acc|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Variant=Short 10 expl _ LGloss=(zvr._zájmeno/částice)
9 ZAČÍNAJÍ začínat VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 parataxis _ _
10 PROJEVOVAT projevovat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 9 xcomp _ _
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1 HYPO Hypo ADJ AAXXX----1A---- Degree=Pos|Foreign=Foreign|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 - - PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
3 Stavební stavební ADJ AAFS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 dep _ _
4 mění měnit VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 parataxis _ _
5 tarif tarif NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 dobj _ _
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