Evident: evidentiality
Evidentiality is a feature of verbs.
It indicates the source of evidence for a given statement.
It is often classified as a mood,
but some linguists considers it an additional dimension alongside Tense/Aspect/Moodality.
Non-first-hand evidentiality is generally marked the suffix -mIş. However, in combination with other morphemes, -mIş does not necessarily mark evidentiality.
Fh: first hand
This is the default. The speaker has first-hand evidence for the statement/event.
Examples
(cf. the same examples below for Nfh)
- eve gitti ‘she/he went home’
- eve gidecek ‘she/he will go home’
- eve gidiyor ‘she/he is going home’
- eve gimeli ‘she/he has to go home’
- eve gimişti ‘she/he had gone home’
Nfh: non-first hand
The speaker has indirect evidence for the statement.
Examples
- eve gitmiş ‘(evidently) she went home’
- eve gidecekmiş ‘(evidently) she will go home’
- eve gidiyormuş ‘(evidently) she is going home (now)’
- eve gitmeliymiş ‘(evidently) she has to go home’
- eve gitmemişmiş ‘(evidently) she had gone home (by the time I arrived)’
Evident in other languages: [bor] [dar] [gub] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [tr] [u]