Evident: evidentiality
| Values: | Nfh |
Evidentiality is the morphological marking of a speaker’s source of information (Aikhenvald, 2004). In Dargwa, Evidentiality is a feature of the verb. Under the hearsay strategy (Ganenkov 2010), the hearsay marker is placed on the right periphery of finite verbs (and is not followed by any speech verb or quotative particle).
The first-hand evidence reading for the statement/event is the default and is not marked in Dargwa. In the treebank, the Fh (first-hand) value is not tagged.
Nfh: non-first hand
The speaker has indirect evidence for the statement. The Nfh marker is also called quotative (QUOT) and citative (CIT) in the literature.
Examples
* ca adaj-la k’wi-jal urši le-b-re-k’wan
one father-Gen two-Card son COP-HumPlur-Past-Nfh
'A father had (they say) two sons.'
References
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ganenkov, Dmitry. Reported speech in Dargwa: an overview. Workshop on Reported speech in East Caucasian languages. Lyon, 22 September 2010. PDF
Evident in other languages: [bor] [dar] [gub] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [tr] [u]