This page pertains to UD version 2.
</code>: <shortdef></h2>
<p>Auxiliary verbs represent independent verb forms in Middle Persian, which can fully inflect. Nevertheless, they receive a <a href="">flat</a> structure according to UD rules.
<br />For instance, the pluperfect is formed with the resultative participle of the main verb followed by the ‘past’ of the auxiliary verb, i.e. the resultative participle of the auxiliary verb <em>ēstādan</em> followed by the person and number marking copula verb: (PP (PP+COP)).</p>
<ul>
<li>“the authorities who had come”
<pre><code class="language-sdparse">dastwarān ī mad ēstād hēnd \n authorities REL come stood are.3PL
aux(mad, ēstād)
aux(mad, hēnd)
acl:relcl(dastwarān, mad)
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The flat structure results in an ambiguity if one is only to look for the combination of a resultative participle and the person and number marking copula verb: (PP+COP), which forms the so-called ‘past tense’.</p>
<ul>
<li>“the authorities who came”
<pre><code class="language-sdparse">dastwarān ī mad hēnd \n authorities REL come are.3PL
aux(mad, hēnd)
acl:relcl(dastwarān, mad)
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The relation “<em>hēnd</em> is auxiliary of <em>mad</em>” holds for both and only by checking for the absence or presence of another auxiliary, it is possible to decide whether the auxiliary verb is inflected and it is a plurperfect, or not, and it is a ‘past tense’. Hence, the ‘past tense’ cannot be identified by the relation only.</p>
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