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xcomp: open clausal complement

An open clausal complement of a predicate is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher predicate) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause.

In majority of the cases, we use xcomp for the verbal nouns formed by the suffix -mAk. Note that we split the nominal part, and mark the noun as the head of the predicate. (TODO: link to the subordination discussion)

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Oku/VERB –mak/NOUN istiyor/VERB . \n He wants to read
xcomp(istiyor, –mak)
acl(–mak, Oku)
{
    "text": "Oku –mak istiyor . \n He wants to read ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "VERB", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "NOUN", [ [ 4, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "VERB", [ [ 9, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 21, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 24, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 30, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 33, 37 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "acl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

In addition, we also use xcomp for secondary predicates, or in general, what Göksel & Kerslake (2005) calls “small clauses”. The decision between a secondary predicate or adverb analysis is often diffcult, since most adjectives also function as adverbs.

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Ali çayını soğuk içer . \n Ali drinks his tea cold
xcomp(içer, soğuk)
{
    "text": "Ali çayını soğuk içer . \n Ali drinks his tea cold ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 17, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 22, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 26, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 30, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 37, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 41, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 45, 49 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

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Bu kitap bir baş yapıt sayılır . \n This book is considered a master piece
xcomp(sayılır, yapıt)
{
    "text": "Bu kitap bir baş yapıt sayılır . \n This book is considered a master piece ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 35, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 40, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 45, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 48, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T13", "token", [ [ 59, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T14", "token", [ [ 61, 67 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T15", "token", [ [ 68, 73 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

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Onu İstanbul'da sanıyordum . \n I tought he\/she was in Istanbul
xcomp(sanıyordum, İstanbul'da)
{
    "text": "Onu İstanbul'da sanıyordum . \n I tought he/she was in Istanbul ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 16, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 27, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 31, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 33, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 40, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 47, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T10", "token", [ [ 51, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 54, 62 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

References

Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge, 2005.

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