cop

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`cop`: copula

A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb være “to be”. The copula is treated as a dependent of the lexical verb.



  
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Det er ovnsbakt piggvar \n It is ovenbaked turbot
cop(piggvar, er)
{
    "text": "Det er ovnsbakt piggvar \n It is ovenbaked turbot ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 26, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 29, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 32, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 42, 48 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

This analysis entails that in copula clauses, the main predicate is not verbal, but rather an adjectival or even nominal (as in the above example).

Note that there are occurrences of være “to be” which do not give rise to a copula analysis, such as in cleft constructions (see expl).

Treebank Statistics (UD_Norwegian)

This relation is universal.

7217 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.

6971 instances of cop (97%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 2.27033393376749.

The following 11 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ADJ-VERB (3251; 45% instances), NOUN-VERB (2644; 37% instances), VERB-VERB (367; 5% instances), PRON-VERB (268; 4% instances), ADV-VERB (206; 3% instances), ADP-VERB (161; 2% instances), PROPN-VERB (161; 2% instances), DET-VERB (99; 1% instances), NUM-VERB (58; 1% instances), CONJ-VERB (1; 0% instances), INTJ-VERB (1; 0% instances).



  
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# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 2 cop	color:blue
1	Det	det	PRON	_	Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	var	være	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	grusomt	grusom	ADJ	_	Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	å	å	PART	_	_	5	mark	_	_
5	høre	høre	VERB	_	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	på	på	ADP	_	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	$.	PUNCT	_	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	$"	PUNCT	_	_	3	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "PRON", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 4, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "ADJ", [ [ 8, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "PART", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "VERB", [ [ 18, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "ADP", [ [ 23, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "PUNCT", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "PUNCT", [ [ 28, 29 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-A1", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Neut" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A3", "Person", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "3" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A4", "PronType", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Prs" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A5", "Mood", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A6", "Tense", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Past" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A7", "VerbForm", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A8", "Definite", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A9", "Degree", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Pos" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A10", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Neut" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A11", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A12", "VerbForm", "embedded-2-S1-T5", "Inf" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R2", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R3", "mark", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R4", "advcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R5", "compound:prt", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R6", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R7", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: det" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: være" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: grusom" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: å" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: høre" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: på" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: $." ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: $\"" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ],
    "text": "Det var grusomt å høre på . »",
    "error": false
}



  
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# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 2 cop	color:blue
1	Thomassen	Thomassen	PROPN	_	_	4	nsubj	_	_
2	er	være	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	på	på	ADP	_	_	4	case	_	_
4	vei	vei	NOUN	_	Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	til	til	ADP	_	_	8	case	_	_
6	sin	sin	DET	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	_
7	neste	neste	DET	_	Definite=Def|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	gjerning	gjerning	NOUN	_	Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	$.	PUNCT	_	_	4	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T1", "PROPN", [ [ 0, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 10, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T3", "ADP", [ [ 13, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T4", "NOUN", [ [ 16, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T5", "ADP", [ [ 20, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T6", "DET", [ [ 24, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T7", "DET", [ [ 28, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T8", "NOUN", [ [ 34, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-T9", "PUNCT", [ [ 43, 44 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-3-S1-A1", "Mood", "embedded-3-S1-T2", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A2", "Tense", "embedded-3-S1-T2", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A3", "VerbForm", "embedded-3-S1-T2", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A4", "Definite", "embedded-3-S1-T4", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A5", "Gender", "embedded-3-S1-T4", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A6", "Number", "embedded-3-S1-T4", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A7", "Gender", "embedded-3-S1-T6", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A8", "Number", "embedded-3-S1-T6", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A9", "Poss", "embedded-3-S1-T6", "Yes" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A10", "PronType", "embedded-3-S1-T6", "Prs" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A11", "Definite", "embedded-3-S1-T7", "Def" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A12", "PronType", "embedded-3-S1-T7", "Dem" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A13", "Definite", "embedded-3-S1-T8", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A14", "Gender", "embedded-3-S1-T8", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-A15", "Number", "embedded-3-S1-T8", "Sing" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R2", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R4", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R5", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R6", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R7", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-S1-R8", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-S1-T9" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-3-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: Thomassen" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: være" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: på" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: vei" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: til" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: sin" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: neste" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: gjerning" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: $." ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-3-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T4", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-3-S1-T4", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-3-S1-T4", "embedded-3-S1-T2", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ],
    "text": "Thomassen er på vei til sin neste gjerning .",
    "error": false
}



  
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# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 2 cop	color:blue
1	De	de	PRON	_	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	er	være	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	hva	hva	PRON	_	PronType=Int	5	xcomp	_	_
4	vi	vi	PRON	_	Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	blir	bli	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	$:	PUNCT	_	_	5	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T1", "PRON", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 3, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T3", "PRON", [ [ 6, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T4", "PRON", [ [ 10, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "VERB", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T6", "PUNCT", [ [ 18, 19 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-4-S1-A1", "Case", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A3", "Person", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "3" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A4", "PronType", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "Prs" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A5", "Mood", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A6", "Tense", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A7", "VerbForm", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A8", "PronType", "embedded-4-S1-T3", "Int" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A9", "Animacy", "embedded-4-S1-T4", "Anim" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A10", "Case", "embedded-4-S1-T4", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A11", "Number", "embedded-4-S1-T4", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A12", "Person", "embedded-4-S1-T4", "1" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A13", "PronType", "embedded-4-S1-T4", "Prs" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A14", "Mood", "embedded-4-S1-T5", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A15", "Tense", "embedded-4-S1-T5", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A16", "VerbForm", "embedded-4-S1-T5", "Fin" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R2", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R3", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R4", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R5", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-4-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: de" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: være" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: hva" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: vi" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: bli" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: $:" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-4-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ],
    "text": "De er hva vi blir :",
    "error": false
}

cop in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

cop: copula

Treebank Statistics (UD_Norwegian)

`cop`: copula