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auxpass: passive auxiliary

The passive auxiliaries in Japanese are れる / reru and られる / rareru. They attach to the main verbs to form verbal phrases in the passive voice. Note that passivization causes case alternations.

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太郎 が 雇わ れ た 。 \n Taro NOM employ PASSIVE PAST .
auxpass(雇わ, れ)
case(太郎, が)
nsubjpass(雇わ, 太郎)
aux(雇わ, た)
punct(雇わ, 。)
{
    "text": "太郎 が 雇わ れ た 。 \n Taro NOM employ PASSIVE PAST . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 8, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 10, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 12, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 16, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 21, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 25, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 32, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 40, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 45, 46 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "auxpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "nsubjpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R4", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R5", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Japanese-KTC)

This relation is universal.

1950 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as auxpass.

1950 instances of auxpass (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 1.38820512820513.

The following 1 pairs of parts of speech are connected with auxpass: VERB-AUX (1950; 100% instances).

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input
    
brat
    
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# visual-style 17	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 17	fgColor:white
# visual-style 16	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 16	fgColor:white
# visual-style 16 17 auxpass	color:blue
1	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	2	compound	_	Offset=0-2
2	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	3	compound	_	Offset=2-4
3	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	11	nsubj	_	Offset=4-6
4	_	_	ADP	ADP	_	3	case	_	Offset=6-7
5	_	_	NUM	NUM	_	6	nummod	_	Offset=7-8
6	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	11	compound	_	Offset=8-9
7	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	10	compound	_	Offset=9-11
8	_	_	NUM	NUM	_	9	nummod	_	Offset=11-12
9	_	_	NUM	NUM	_	10	nummod	_	Offset=12-13
10	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	11	compound	_	Offset=13-15
11	_	頃	NOUN	NOUN	_	29	advcl	_	Offset=15-17
12	_	_	ADP	ADP	_	11	case	_	Offset=17-18
13	_	_	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	11	punct	_	Offset=18-19
14	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	16	iobj	_	Offset=19-21
15	_	_	ADP	ADP	_	14	case	_	Offset=21-22
16	_	巻き込む	VERB	VERB	_	24	advcl	_	Offset=22-26
17	_	れる	AUX	AUX	_	16	auxpass	_	Offset=26-27
18	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	21	compound	_	Offset=27-28
19	_	_	NUM	NUM	_	20	nummod	_	Offset=28-29
20	_	_	NUM	NUM	_	21	nummod	_	Offset=29-30
21	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	22	compound	_	Offset=30-31
22	_	_	NOUN	NOUN	_	24	nmod	_	Offset=31-33
23	_	_	ADP	ADP	_	22	case	_	Offset=33-34
24	_	_	VERB	VERB	_	27	acl	_	Offset=34-36
25	_	為る	AUX	AUX	_	24	aux	_	Offset=36-37
26	_	_	AUX	AUX	_	24	aux	_	Offset=37-38
27	_	事	NOUN	NOUN	_	29	nsubj	_	Offset=38-40
28	_	_	ADP	ADP	_	27	case	_	Offset=40-41
29	_	_	VERB	VERB	_	0	root	_	Offset=41-43
30	_	為る	AUX	AUX	_	29	aux	_	Offset=43-44
31	_	_	AUX	AUX	_	29	aux	_	Offset=44-45
32	_	_	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	29	punct	_	Offset=45-46
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "NOUN", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "NOUN", [ [ 2, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "NOUN", [ [ 4, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "ADP", [ [ 6, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "NUM", [ [ 8, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "NOUN", [ [ 10, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "NOUN", [ [ 12, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "NUM", [ [ 14, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T9", "NUM", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T10", "NOUN", [ [ 18, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T11", "NOUN", [ [ 20, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T12", "ADP", [ [ 22, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T13", "PUNCT", [ [ 24, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T14", "NOUN", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T15", "ADP", [ [ 28, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T16", "VERB", [ [ 30, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T17", "AUX", [ [ 32, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T18", "NOUN", [ [ 34, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T19", "NUM", [ [ 36, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T20", "NUM", [ [ 38, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T21", "NOUN", [ [ 40, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T22", "NOUN", [ [ 42, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T23", "ADP", [ [ 44, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T24", "VERB", [ [ 46, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T25", "AUX", [ [ 48, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T26", "AUX", [ [ 50, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T27", "NOUN", [ [ 52, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T28", "ADP", [ [ 54, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T29", "VERB", [ [ 56, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T30", "AUX", [ [ 58, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T31", "AUX", [ [ 60, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T32", "PUNCT", [ [ 62, 63 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R0", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R1", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R3", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R4", "nummod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R5", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R6", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T10" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R7", "nummod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R8", "nummod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T10" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T9" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R9", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T10" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R10", "advcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T29" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T11" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R11", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T12" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R12", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T13" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R13", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T16" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T14" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R14", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T14" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T15" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R15", "advcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T24" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T16" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R16", "auxpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T16" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T17" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R17", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T21" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T18" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R18", "nummod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T20" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T19" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R19", "nummod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T21" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T20" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R20", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T22" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T21" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R21", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T24" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T22" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R22", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T22" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T23" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R23", "acl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T27" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T24" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R24", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T24" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T25" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R25", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T24" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T26" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R26", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T29" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T27" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R27", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T27" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T28" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R28", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T29" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R29", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T29" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T30" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R30", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T29" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T31" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R31", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T29" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T32" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=0-2" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=2-4" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=4-6" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADP" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=6-7" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NUM" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=7-8" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=8-9" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=9-11" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NUM" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=11-12" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NUM" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=12-13" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T10", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T10", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T10", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=13-15" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T11", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: 頃" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T11", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T11", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=15-17" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T12", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T12", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADP" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T12", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=17-18" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T13", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T13", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PUNCT" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T13", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=18-19" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T14", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T14", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T14", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=19-21" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T15", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T15", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADP" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T15", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=21-22" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T16", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: 巻き込む" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T16", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VERB" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T16", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=22-26" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T17", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: れる" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T17", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: AUX" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T17", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=26-27" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T18", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T18", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T18", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=27-28" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T19", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T19", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NUM" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T19", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=28-29" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T20", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T20", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NUM" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T20", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=29-30" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T21", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T21", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T21", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=30-31" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T22", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T22", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T22", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=31-33" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T23", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T23", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADP" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T23", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=33-34" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T24", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T24", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VERB" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T24", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=34-36" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T25", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: 為る" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T25", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: AUX" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T25", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=36-37" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T26", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T26", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: AUX" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T26", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=37-38" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T27", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: 事" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T27", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: NOUN" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T27", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=38-40" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T28", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T28", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADP" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T28", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=40-41" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T29", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T29", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VERB" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T29", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=41-43" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T30", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: 為る" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T30", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: AUX" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T30", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=43-44" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T31", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T31", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: AUX" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T31", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=44-45" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T32", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T32", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PUNCT" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T32", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: Offset=45-46" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T17", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T17", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T16", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T16", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T16", "embedded-2-S1-T17", "auxpass" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ],
    "text": "_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _",
    "error": false
}

---

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