Voice: voice
Voice
For Indo-European speakers, voice means mainly the active-passive distinction. In other languages, other shades of verb meaning are categorized as voice.
In Bulgarian linguistics there are various theories of Voice distinctions: 2-voice one (active vs. passive), 3-voice one (active vs. passive vs. reflexive), 4-voice one(active vs. passive vs. reflexive vs. impersonal).
Here the 2-voice theory is adopted.
Act: active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (pacient).
Examples
- Нападнахме врага. / Napadnahme vraga “We attacked the enemy”.
- Децата се засмяха. / Detsata se zasmyaha “The children laughed”.
- Децата се измиха. / Detsata se izmiha “The children washed themselves”.
Pass: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb. In Bulgarian there are two ways of forming passive:
- tenses plus the reflexive particle se
- special participial conjugation
Examples
- Тази книга се чете лесно. / Tazi kniga se chete lesno “This book reads easily”.
- Тази книга беше прочетена по-бързо от другите. / Tazi kniga beshe prochetena po-barzo ot drugite “This book was read faster than the others”.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Bulgarian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
22474 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
7763 types (29%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
2927 lemmas (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: bg-pos/VERB (19096; 12% instances), bg-pos/AUX (1906; 1% instances), bg-pos/ADJ (1472; 1% instances).
VERB
19096 bg-pos/VERB tokens (98% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (18968; 99%), Mood=Ind (16458; 86%), Definite=EMPTY (16331; 86%), Person=3 (13697; 72%), Number=Sing (13454; 70%), Tense=Pres (11733; 61%), Aspect=Imp (11042; 58%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(18025; 94% of non-emptyVoice): е, са, има, няма, може, трябва, беше, каза, могат, съобщиPass(1071; 6% of non-emptyVoice): направено, избран, изправени, обвинен, открити, показани, представена, приета, избрана, изнесениEMPTY(456): би, е, каза, виж, кажи, вземи, опитай, Излез, Прочети, вж.
| Paradigm кажа | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | казал | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | казала | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | казано | |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | казали | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past | казах | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres | кажа | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres | кажеш | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past | каза | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | каже | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past | казахме | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres | кажем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Past | казахте | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres | кажете | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past | казаха | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | кажат |
AUX
1906 bg-pos/AUX tokens (94% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (1787; 94%), Mood=Ind (1787; 94%), Aspect=Imp (1658; 87%), Person=3 (1610; 84%), Tense=Pres (1384; 73%), Number=Sing (1277; 67%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(1906; 100% of non-emptyVoice): е, са, бе, бъде, бяха, бъдат, беше, съм, бил, смеEMPTY(125): би, бих, биха, е, са, бихте, бихме, бъдат, съм, беше
ADJ
1472 bg-pos/ADJ tokens (11% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Part (1469; 100%), Degree=EMPTY (1113; 76%), Aspect=Perf (1047; 71%), Number=Sing (839; 57%), Definite=Ind (808; 55%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(519; 35% of non-emptyVoice): миналата, следващата, останалите, миналия, управляващите, пострадали, следващите, следващия, водещи, загиналитеPass(953; 65% of non-emptyVoice): въоръжените, свързани, определени, цитиран, определен, обединена, организираната, запознати, задържаните, приетаEMPTY(12117): други, народното, българската, нова, другите, нови, европейската, последните, 2001, друг
| Paradigm следвам | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | следващия, следващият | |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | следващата | |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | следващото | |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | следващите | |
| Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | следващия, Следващият | |
| Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | следващата | |
| Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | следващото | |
| Definite=Def|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | следващите | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | следван | |
| Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | следвана | |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Plur | следвани |
Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 98% lemmas (657) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (2716; 91%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (1811; 92%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (1332; 89%),
VERB –[aux]–> AUX (801; 51%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (398; 93%),
VERB –[dobj]–> VERB (197; 94%),
VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (100; 85%),
VERB –[csubjpass]–> VERB (42; 74%),
VERB –[cop]–> VERB (3; 100%),
VERB –[nsubj]–> VERB (3; 100%).
Voice in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]