Voice: voice
The Voice feature captures the distinction between active and passive for verbs (sv-pos/VERB and sv-pos/AUX). The value Pass is only used when the passive voice is realized morphologically. (Swedish in addition has a periphrastic passive similar to English: han blev jagad “he was chased”.)
Act: active voice
Examples
- [sv] det räcker “it suffices”
- [sv] avdraget sjunker “the deduction drops”
Pass: passive voice
Examples
- [sv] inkomst beskattas “income is taxed”
- [sv] det hanteras fel “it is handled incorrectly”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
13784 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
2598 types (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
1187 lemmas (12%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: sv-pos/VERB (9601; 10% instances), sv-pos/AUX (4183; 4% instances).
VERB
9601 sv-pos/VERB tokens (96% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (5648; 59%), Mood=Ind (5449; 57%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(8132; 85% of non-emptyVoice): har, är, blir, få, får, ha, gäller, ger, går, sePass(1469; 15% of non-emptyVoice): kallas, användas, behövs, anses, beräknas, tas, används, ges, användes, förändrasEMPTY(368): finns, tycks, fanns, finnas, fordras, jfr, känns, hoppas, syns, trivas
| Paradigm göra | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin | Gör | |
| Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | gjorde | gjordes |
| Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | gör | görs |
| VerbForm=Inf | göra | göras |
| VerbForm=Sup | gjort | gjorts |
AUX
4183 sv-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (3778; 90%), Mood=Ind (3769; 90%), Tense=Pres (3411; 82%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(4183; 100% of non-emptyVoice): är, kan, har, måste, skall, vara, skulle, ska, kommer, var
Voice seems to be lexical feature of AUX. 100% lemmas (16) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[aux]–> AUX (1825; 77%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (819; 72%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (675; 81%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (319; 77%),
VERB –[xcomp]–> VERB (279; 81%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (174; 77%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (98; 91%),
VERB –[dislocated]–> VERB (29; 81%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (19; 76%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (5; 56%).
Voice in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]