This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.
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case: case marking

The case relation is used for most prepositions in Irish. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.

See nmod:pred for labelling of prepositional pronouns, and xcomp:pred for prepositional predicates.

Prepositions have many functions in Irish.

Examples

adjuncts

PPs can precede or follow the verb they modify, or follow the noun they modify.

(i) Sa bhliain sin, bhuaigh siad an Chorn `In that year, they won the Cup’

(ii) Bhuaigh siad an Chorn sa bhliain sin `They won the Cup in that year’

(iii) An teach sa chathair `The house in the city’

progressive aspectuals

The preposition ag is used with verbal nouns to form progressive aspectual phrases in Irish.

Tá sí ag rith ‘She is running’

Tá sí ag rith \n Is she at running
nmod(Tá, rith)
nsubj(Tá, sí)
case(rith, ag)

ownership/ state

Prepositions are also used in phrasal constructions to denote ownership or a state of being.

Tá airgead ag na daoine ‘The people have money’ (lit. Money is at the people)

Tá airgead ag na daoine \n Is pen at the people
nmod(Tá, daoine)
case(daoine, ag)

Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir `The visitor is sorry’ (lit. sorrow is on the visitor)

Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir \n Is sorrow on the visitor
nmod(Tá, gcuairteoir)
case(gcuairteoir, ar)

obliques

Oblique arguments are also labelled case.

Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna Fáil ‘The people of Cork are very unhappy with Fianna Fáil’

Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna_Fáil \n Be people Cork very_unhappy with Fianna_Fáil
nsubj(Tá, muintir)
compound(muintir, Chorcaí)
xcomp:pred(Tá, an-mhíshásta)
nmod(Tá, Fianna_Fáil)
case(Fianna_Fáil, le)

Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)

This relation is universal. There are 1 language-specific subtypes of case: case:voc.

2923 nodes (12%) are attached to their parents as case.

2916 instances of case (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 1.32671912418748.

The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADP (2577; 88% instances), ga-pos/PROPN-ga-pos/ADP (186; 6% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/ADP (40; 1% instances), ga-pos/X-ga-pos/ADP (26; 1% instances), ga-pos/NUM-ga-pos/ADP (24; 1% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/ADP (22; 1% instances), ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/ADP (10; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/PART (7; 0% instances), ga-pos/ADP-ga-pos/ADP (6; 0% instances), ga-pos/CONJ-ga-pos/ADP (4; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/X (3; 0% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/PART (3; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/ADV-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/DET-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PART-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/X (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PUNCT-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/SCONJ-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
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1	Tabharfadsa	tabharfads	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	náire	náire	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	1	dobj	_	_
3	fén	faoi	ADP	Art	Number=Sing|PronType=Art	4	case	_	_
4	bpoll	poll	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Form=Ecl|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	dóibh	do	ADP	Prep	Number=Plur|Person=3	1	nmod:prep	_	_
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_

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1	Bhí	bí	VERB	VI	Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past	0	root	_	_
2	an	an	DET	Art	Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	geata	geata	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	1	nsubj	_	_
4	dúnta	dúnta	ADJ	Adj	VerbForm=Part	1	xcomp:pred	_	_
5	ag	ag	ADP	Simp	_	6	case	_	_
6	Seán	Seán	PROPN	Noun	Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 11 10 case	color:blue
1	Millfidh	mill	VERB	VTI	Mood=Ind|Tense=Fut	0	root	_	_
2	tú	tú	PRON	Pers	Number=Sing|Person=2	1	nsubj	_	_
3	agus	agus	CONJ	Coord	_	1	cc	_	_
4	scriosfaidh	scrios	VERB	VTI	Mood=Ind|Tense=Fut	1	conj	_	_
5	tú	tú	PRON	Pers	Number=Sing|Person=2	4	nsubj	_	_
6	an	an	DET	Art	Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	aiste	aiste	NOUN	Subst	Number=Sing	1	dobj	_	_
8	le	le	ADP	Simp	_	9	case	_	_
9	botúin	botún	NOUN	Noun	Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
10	mar	mar	ADP	Simp	_	11	case	_	_
11	sin	sin	PRON	Dem	PronType=Dem	9	nmod	_	_
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_


case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]