cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the nominal predicate and
the copular verb быть “to be” (or its variants бывал, был).
The verb становиться “to become”, despite being counted among copular verbs by some authors,
is not analyzed as cop.
We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement (the nominal predicate). The nominal predicate is usually a noun, an adjective or a participle.
Андрей был честным человеком . \n Andrew was an honest man .
cop(человеком, был)
cop(man, was)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This relation is universal.
553 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
434 instances of cop (78%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.21157323688969.
The following 14 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/VERB (327; 59% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/VERB (140; 25% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/VERB (26; 5% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PART (23; 4% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/AUX (12; 2% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/AUX (10; 2% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NOUN (5; 1% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PART (3; 1% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PUNCT (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 Для ДЛЯ ADP IN _ 3 case _ _
2 обеих ОБА NUM CD Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem 3 nummod _ _
3 японок ЯПОНКА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _
4 это ЭТО PRON DT Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _
5 стало СТАТЬ VERB VBC Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 cop _ _
6 олимпийским ОЛИМПИЙСКИЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Full 7 amod _ _
7 дебютом ДЕБЮТ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
8 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
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1 Правый ПРАВЫЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Full 2 amod _ _
2 фланг ФЛАНГ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 был БЫТЬ VERB VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
4 также ТАКЖЕ CONJ CC _ 5 cc _ _
5 уязвим УЯЗВИМЫЙ ADJ JJH Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Brev 0 root _ _
6 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Был БЫТЬ VERB VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 cop _ _
2 одним ОДИН NUM CD Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
3 из ИЗ ADP IN _ 4 case _ _
4 организаторов ОРГАНИЗАТОР NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nmod _ _
5 борьбы БОРЬБА NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
6 с С ADP IN _ 7 case _ _
7 филлоксерой ФИЛЛОКСЕРА NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
8 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This relation is universal.
5104 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as cop.
3734 instances of cop (73%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.85148902821317.
The following 20 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/AUX (2237; 44% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/AUX (1534; 30% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PART (532; 10% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/AUX (504; 10% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/AUX (77; 2% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/AUX (75; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PART (36; 1% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PART (35; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/AUX (24; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/PART (11; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PART (10; 0% instances), ru-pos/SCONJ-ru-pos/AUX (10; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PART (6; 0% instances), ru-pos/SYM-ru-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/SCONJ-ru-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/SYM-ru-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/X-ru-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 Алгоритм алгоритм NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
2 должен должен ADJ _ Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Brev 0 root _ _
3 быть быть AUX _ Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf 4 cop _ _
4 применим применимый ADJ _ Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Brev 2 nmod _ _
5 к к ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 разным разный ADJ _ Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 7 amod _ _
7 наборам набор NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 nmod _ _
8 исходных исходный ADJ _ Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 9 amod _ _
9 данных данные NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _
10 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Для для ADP _ _ 2 case _ _
2 этого это NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
3 есть быть AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 cop _ _
4 внешний внешний ADJ _ Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
5 повод повод NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
6 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Но но CONJ _ _ 5 cc _ _
2 главное главное NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 - - PUNCT - _ 2 punct _ _
4 это это PART _ _ 5 cop _ _
5 эффективность эффективность NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
6 государства государство NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
7 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]