This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.

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cop: copula

Warning: DRAFT

A copula verb is a linking verb that joins a subject with a predicate. Copular clauses receive a special treatment. The predicative acts as the head word of the clause, and the copular verb depends on it using a cop (copula) dependency. The cop relation is only applied when the verb is used to link a subject to its predicate (although the subject may be left out).

The full list of copula verbs is as follows:

• бол- “be, become”
• е- “be” (defective)

If the morphological analyser used outputs an е- copula in aorist third person then this is attached as a leaf node.

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Бұл ойын <ø . \n It game is . 
cop(ойын-2, <ø-3)
nsubj(ойын-2, Бұл-1)
punct(ойын-2, .-4)
{
    "text": "Бұл ойын <ø . \n It game is . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 16, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 19, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 24, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 27, 28 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

If the copula is not third person it has overt person marking:

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Мен студент <пін . \n I student am .
cop(студент-2, <пін-3)
nsubj(студент-2, Мен-1)
punct(студент-2, .-4)
{
    "text": "Мен студент <пін . \n I student am . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 12, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 21, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 23, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 34, 35 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R3", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

In the past it surfaces as еді-:

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Бірақ кеше өте суық еді ! \n But yesterday very cold was-it !
advmod(суық-4, өте-3)
cop(суық-4, еді-5)
{
    "text": "Бірақ кеше өте суық еді ! \n But yesterday very cold was-it ! ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 6, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 20, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 24, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 28, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 32, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 42, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 47, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 52, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T13", "token", [ [ 59, 60 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "advmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

Use of “бол” without a predicate:

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Эрте заманда Эрназар деген киши болуптур . \n Early time-in Ernazar called person was .
{
    "text": "Эрте заманда Эрназар деген киши болуптур . \n Early time-in Ernazar called person was . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 21, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 27, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 32, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 41, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 45, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T10", "token", [ [ 51, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 59, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T12", "token", [ [ 67, 73 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T13", "token", [ [ 74, 80 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T14", "token", [ [ 81, 84 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T15", "token", [ [ 85, 86 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

Use of “бол” without subject or predicate:

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Шылым шегуге болмайды . \n Cigarette smoking is-allowed-not .
{
    "text": "Шылым шегуге болмайды . \n Cigarette smoking is-allowed-not . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T2", "token", [ [ 6, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T4", "token", [ [ 22, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T6", "token", [ [ 26, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T7", "token", [ [ 36, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T8", "token", [ [ 44, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T9", "token", [ [ 59, 60 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ]
}

Warning: DRAFT

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Kazakh)

This relation is universal.

231 nodes (4%) are attached to their parents as cop.

231 instances of cop (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 1.02597402597403.

The following 13 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ADJ-AUX (78; 34% instances), NOUN-AUX (59; 26% instances), NOUN-VERB (34; 15% instances), PRON-AUX (16; 7% instances), ADJ-VERB (14; 6% instances), ADV-AUX (10; 4% instances), VERB-AUX (5; 2% instances), PRON-VERB (4; 2% instances), PROPN-AUX (3; 1% instances), VERB-VERB (3; 1% instances), NUM-AUX (2; 1% instances), NUM-VERB (2; 1% instances), PROPN-VERB (1; 0% instances).

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# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 5 cop	color:blue
1	Жер	жер	NOUN	n	_	2	nmod:poss	_	nom
2	беті	бет	NOUN	n	_	3	nmod:poss	_	px3sp|nom
3	суы	су	NOUN	n	_	4	nsubj	_	px3sp|nom
4	_	аз	ADJ	adj	_	0	root	_	_
5	_	е	AUX	cop	_	4	cop	_	aor|p3|sg
6	.	.	PUNCT	sent	_	4	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "NOUN", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "NOUN", [ [ 4, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "NOUN", [ [ 9, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "ADJ", [ [ 13, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AUX", [ [ 15, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "PUNCT", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R0", "nmod:poss", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R1", "nmod:poss", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R4", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R5", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: жер" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: nom" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: бет" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: px3sp|nom" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: су" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: px3sp|nom" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: аз" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: adj" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: е" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: cop" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: aor|p3|sg" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: sent" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ],
    "text": "Жер беті суы _ _ .",
    "error": false
}

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# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 5 cop	color:blue
1	Иран	Иран	PROPN	np	_	4	nsubj	_	top|nom
2	—	—	PUNCT	guio	_	1	punct	_	_
3	діни	діни	ADJ	adj	_	4	amod	_	_
4	_	мемлекет	NOUN	n	_	0	root	_	nom
5	_	е	AUX	cop	_	4	cop	_	aor|p3|sg
6	.	.	PUNCT	sent	_	4	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "PROPN", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "PUNCT", [ [ 5, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "ADJ", [ [ 7, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "NOUN", [ [ 12, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "AUX", [ [ 14, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T6", "PUNCT", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R1", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R2", "amod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R4", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R5", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: Иран" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: np" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: top|nom" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: —" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: guio" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: діни" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: adj" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: мемлекет" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: nom" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: е" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: cop" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: aor|p3|sg" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: sent" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "embedded-7-S1-T5", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "7" ],
    "text": "Иран — діни _ _ .",
    "error": false
}

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# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 4 cop	color:blue
1	Ауылда	ауыл	NOUN	n	_	6	nmod	_	loc
2	клуб	клуб	NOUN	n	_	3	nmod:poss	_	nom
3	директоры	директор	NOUN	n	_	6	advcl	_	px3sp|nom
4	болып	бол	VERB	v	_	3	cop	_	iv|gna_perf
5	қызмет	қызмет	NOUN	n	_	6	dobj	_	nom
6	атқарды	атқар	VERB	v	_	0	root	_	tv|ifi|p3|sg
7	.	.	PUNCT	sent	_	6	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T1", "NOUN", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T2", "NOUN", [ [ 7, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "NOUN", [ [ 12, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "VERB", [ [ 22, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T5", "NOUN", [ [ 28, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "VERB", [ [ 35, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "PUNCT", [ [ 43, 44 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R0", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R1", "nmod:poss", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R2", "advcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R3", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R4", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R5", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R6", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T7" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-8-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ауыл" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: loc" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: клуб" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: nom" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: директор" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: px3sp|nom" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: бол" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: v" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: iv|gna_perf" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: қызмет" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: n" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: nom" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: атқар" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: v" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: tv|ifi|p3|sg" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: sent" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "embedded-8-S1-T4", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "8" ],
    "text": "Ауылда клуб директоры болып қызмет атқарды .",
    "error": false
}

---

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