iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:
Pavel dal Petrovi dvě hrušky . \n Pavel gave Petr two pears .
iobj(dal, Petrovi)
iobj(gave, Petr)
However, Czech allows other semantic roles as additional objects. The morphological cs-feat/Case of the objects is dictated by verb valency.
In the following Czech example, the verb takes two arguments, both are nouns in the accusative case. One of them is direct object (patient), the other is indirect (addressee). It is parallel to how the English translation would be annotated (where there is no morphological case marking) and also to verbs of giving (consider a similar sentence, he gave my daughter a class of maths).
On učí mou dceru matematiku . \n He teaches my daughter.Acc maths.Acc .
dobj(učí, matematiku)
iobj(učí, dceru)
dobj(teaches, maths.Acc)
iobj(teaches, daughter.Acc)
In general, if there is just one object, it should be labeled dobj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, učit “to teach” can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed as the dobj:
Učí úvod do logiky . \n He-teaches introduction to logic .
dobj(Učí, úvod)
dobj(He-teaches, introduction)
Učí studenty prvního ročníku . \n He-teaches students of-first year .
dobj(Učí, studenty)
dobj(He-teaches, students)
The one exception is when there is a clausal complement. Then the clausal complement is regarded as a “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to the simple ditransitive case:
Řekla studentům , že dnes večer musí studovat . \n She-told students , that today evening they-needed to-study .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
ccomp(Řekla, musí)
iobj(She-told, students)
ccomp(She-told, they-needed)
Řekla studentům svůj plán . \n She-told students her plan .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
dobj(Řekla, plán)
iobj(She-told, students)
dobj(She-told, plan)
If there are two or
more objects, one of them should be dobj and the others should be
iobj. In such cases it is necessary to decide what is the
most directly affected object (patient).
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
The manual annotation of the PDT does not distinguish direct and indirect objects.
Therefore all non-clausal dependents labeled Obj in PDT are currently labeled dobj
in the converted data, even if it results in two or more direct objects attached to one verb.
In future, the valency lexicon Vallex
could be used to identify the main object.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
8495 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
5114 instances of iobj (60%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.00235432607416.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (4565; 54% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (2658; 31% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (712; 8% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (472; 6% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (61; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (24; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PART (1; 0% instances).
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1 Mohou moci VERB VB-P---3P-AA--1 Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2 zde zde ADV Db------------- _ 1 advmod _ _
3 porovnat porovnat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Perf|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ _
4 svůj svůj DET P8IS4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 5 det _ LId=svůj-1|LGloss=(přivlast.)
5 vývoj vývoj NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
7 záměry záměr NOUN NNIP4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 conj _ _
8 se s ADP RV--7---------- AdpType=Voc|Case=Ins 10 case _ LId=s-1
9 světovými světový ADJ AAIP7----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 10 amod _ _
10 trendy trend NOUN NNIP7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Může moci VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2 po po ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 3 case _ LId=po-1
3 mně já PRON PP-S6--1------- Case=Loc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 iobj _ _
4 takové takový DET PDIP4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 5 det _ _
5 údaje údaj NOUN NNIP4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 7 dobj _ _
6 pojišťovna pojišťovna NOUN NNFS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
7 vyžadovat vyžadovat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 ? ? PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
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1 LN LN PROPN NNFPX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Pro|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 4 iobj _ LId=LN-1|LGloss=(Lidové_noviny,_deník)
2 to ten PRON PDNS4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 dobj _ _
3 včera včera ADV Db------------- _ 4 advmod _ _
4 řekl říci VERB VpYS---XR-AA--- Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
5 místopředseda místopředseda NOUN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 nmod _ _
6 sněmovny sněmovna NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
7 a a CONJ J^------------- _ 6 cc _ LId=a-1
8 KDU KDU PROPN NNFXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos 6 conj _ SpaceAfter=No|LGloss=(Křesťansko-demokratická_unie)
9 - - PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
10 ČSL ČSL PROPN NNFXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos 8 conj _ LId=ČSL-1|LGloss=(Česká_[pův._Čsl.]_strana_lidová)
11 Jan Jan PROPN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Giv|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
12 Kasal Kasal PROPN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Sur|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 name _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
iobj in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]