home edit page issue tracker
This page pertains to UD version 2.

UD Hebrew PostRab

Language: Hebrew (code: he)
Family: Afro-Asiatic

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.18 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Rachel Tal, Elisheva Brauner, Shlomit Fuchs, Orly Albek, Avi Shmidman, Yitzchak Lindenbaum, Ephraim Meiri.

Repository: UD_Hebrew-PostRab
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.18

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: legal, bible, poetry

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Hebrew-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [yitzilindenbaum (æt) gmail • com]. Development of the treebank happens outside the UD repository. If there are bugs, either the original data source or the conversion procedure must be fixed. Do not submit pull requests against the UD repository.

Annotation Source
Lemmas annotated manually
UPOS annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS annotated manually
Features assigned by a program, with some manual corrections, but not a full manual verification
Relations annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

A Universal Dependencies treebank of post-Rabbinic historical Hebrew, comprising ~300 (~8000 tokens) sentences annotated for morphology and syntax from diverse pre-modern sources.

This treebank provides a Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation of post-Rabbinic historical Hebrew, extending existing Hebrew UD resources beyond modern and Biblical-era language varieties.

The dataset consists of manually annotated sentences from historical Hebrew texts across genres and periods. The annotation follows UD v2 guidelines, with adaptations to account for differences in orthography, morphology, and syntax relative to modern Hebrew.

Acknowledgments

This work has been funded by the European Union (ERC, MiDRASH, Project No. 101071829; Principal investigators: Nachum Dershowitz, Tel-Aviv University; Judith Olszowy-Schlanger, EPHEPSL; Avi Shmidman, Bar-Ilan University, and Daniel Stoekl Ben Ezra, EPHE-PSL), for which we are grateful. Views and opinions expressed are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

Funding for and maintenance of the treebank is also provided by Dicta - The Israel Center for Text Analysis.

References

To cite this dataset please refer to the following paper:

Rachel Tal, Shlomit Fuchs, Orly Albeck, Elisheva Brauner, Yitzchak Lindenbaum, Ephraim Meiri, and Avi Shmidman. 2025. A New Hebrew Universal Dependency Treebank: The First Treebank of Post-Rabbinic Historical Hebrew. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories (TLT, SyntaxFest 2025), pages 91–96, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Association for Computational Linguistics.

@inproceedings{tal-etal-2025-new,
title = "A New {H}ebrew {U}niversal {D}ependency Treebank: The First Treebank of Post-Rabbinic Historical {H}ebrew",
author = "Tal, Rachel and
Fuchs, Shlomit and
Albeck, Orly and
Brauner, Elisheva and
Lindenbaum, Yitzchak and
Meiri, Ephraim and
Shmidman, Avi",
editor = {Jablotschkin, Sarah and
K{\"u}bler, Sandra and
Zinsmeister, Heike},
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories (TLT, SyntaxFest 2025)",
month = aug,
year = "2025",
address = "Ljubljana, Slovenia",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.tlt-1.11/",
pages = "91--96",
ISBN = "979-8-89176-291-6",
abstract = "The corpus of post-Rabbinic historical Hebrew is a foundational corpus of Jewish heritage, containing over a billion words of legal, hermeneutical, and philosophic texts (and more). However, because the linguistic norms of the corpus diverge so often from that of modern Hebrew, the corpus cannot be computationally analyzed with existing Hebrew parsers. In order to fill this lacuna, we present the first Universal Dependencies corpus of post-Rabbinic historical Hebrew. The corpus comprises over 11,800 words, and we are pleased to release it to the community."
}

Statistics of UD Hebrew PostRab

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PRON – PROPN – SCONJ – VERB

Features

Definite – ExtPos – Gender – Mood – Number – Person – Reflex – Tense – VerbForm

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – case – case:acc – case:gen – cc – ccomp – compound:redup – compound:smixut – compound:svc – conj – cop – csubj – dep – det – discourse – dislocated – fixed – flat – iobj – mark – nmod – nmod:poss – nmod:tmod – nmod:unmarked – nsubj – nsubj:cop – nsubj:outer – nummod – obj – obl – obl:tmod – obl:unmarked – orphan – parataxis – root – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

Morphology

Tags

Nominal Features

Degree and Polarity

Verbal Features

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

Other Features

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects

Relations Overview