Variant: alternative form of word
| Values: | Long | Short | Weak | Dir |
The Variant feature helps distinguish alternate word forms for the same lemma and set of features.
It
Some values of this feature are used in several different cases.
Long: long variant of irregular perfective verbs
(1) The perfective counterparts of the verbs کول kawë́l “to do” and کېدل kedë́l “to become” are short کړل kṛël and شول šwël,
when the verbs are used as auxiliary verbs in compound verb forms, but long وکړل wë́kṛël and وشول wë́šwël, when they are used on their own
or as part of light verb constructions. Because the former use is more frequent, only the long variants are marked with the Variant=Long feature.
(2) There are two series of proximate demonstrative pronouns: short دا dâ and long دغه daġa (this/these). Because the long variant is less frequent and, unlike th short one, it lacks the counterpart series in personal pronouns, only the long variant is marked with the Variant=Long feature.
Examples
(1)
- subjunctive of the verb کړل kṛël: وکړم wë́kṛëm instead of کړم kṛëm “(that) I do / I would do”
- perfective future of the verb شول šwël: وشم wë́šëm instead of شم šëm “I will become” (2)
Short: special short variant of some verb forms
(1) The subjunctive of the verb تلل tlël “to go” is irregular and consist of a word لاړ lâṛ and finite forms of the auxiliary verb شول šwël (perfective counterpart of کېدل kedë́l “to become”). The form لاړ lâṛ is currently annotated as a “short infinitive”, i.e. with VerbForm=Inf and Variant=Short, in contrast to the proper (perfective) infinitive لاړل lâṛë́l.
(2) Several forms of the past stem may be shortened missing the ل ë́l suffix: (a) past indicative (only when the past stem is different from the present stem), (b) non-direct cases of the infinitive, (c) past participle, (d) potential.
(3) Some inamate nouns, often with the meaning of a measuring unit, ending in ومه úna in plural, have the plural ending usually shortened to ه a after a number.
Examples
(1)
- e.g.: غواړم هلته لاړ شم ġwâṛë́m hálta lâṛ šëm “I want to go there”
(2)
- (a) ما څوکۍ واخیسته mâ cawkë́y wấxista instead of ما څوکۍ واخیستله mâ cawkë́y wấxistëla “I bought a chair”
- (b) ړنګېدل ṛëngedë́l “to collapse / the collapse” -> د ړنګېدلو dë ṛëngedë́lo or shortened د ړنګېدو dë ṛëngedó “of the collapse”
- (c) intransitive: راتللی یم râtláy yëm instead of راتلی یم râtlë́lay yëm “I have come”
- (c) transitive: ما لوستلی دی mâ lwastáy dëy instead of ما لوستی دی mâ lwastë́lay dëy “I have read (it)”
- (d) لیدای شم lidấy šëm instead of لیدلای شم lidë́lây šëm “I can see”
(3)
- without number: کیلومترونه kilomitrúna “kilometers”
- with number: دوه کیلومتره dwa kilomítra “two kilometers”
Weak: weak
Special type of personal pronouns, used as unstressed predicate arguments (especially in past tenses) or unstressed possessive pronouns. The weak pronoun یې ye is also used in contracted forms (which are separeted in UD annotation) with some prepositions. (See also PronType.)
Examples
- subject:
- object:
- possession: ورور مې wror me instead of more usual زما ورور zmâ wror “my brother”
- with preposition: پرې pre (پر+یې për+ye) “on it” f, ترې tre (تر+یې tër+ye) “up to it”, پرې خبرې نۀ کوم pre xabáre në́ kawëm “I do not speak it”, lit. “on_it talk not I_do” (about a language)
Dir: directional
Special type of personal pronouns used in contracted forms (which are separeted in UD annotation) with some postpositions. They are also used as prefixes of many motion verbs, where they express the direction of the motion (but in those cases they are not annotated at all). (See also PronType.)
Examples
- with preposition: ورنسره warsará “with him/her/it/them” درباندې darbấnde “upon you”
Variant in other languages: [be] [cs] [cu] [de] [koi] [kpv] [la] [lt] [mdf] [myv] [orv] [pl] [ps] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [uk]