This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.
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PART: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g., adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs).

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_French)

There are 19 PART lemmas (0%), 21 PART types (0%) and 1941 PART tokens (0%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 15 in number of lemmas, 16 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: ne, l’, t, ‘s, ci, là, ex, to, up, ‘s’

The 10 most frequent PART types: n’, ne, l’, -t, ‘s, -ci, -là, ci, ex, to

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: l’ (PART 161, PROPN 2), t (PART 84, NOUN 1), ’s (PART 29, X 5), ci (PART 8, ADV 1), (ADV 81, PART 4), ex (NOUN 4, PART 2, INTJ 2, ADP 2, X 1), to (ADP 6, PART 2), di (ADP 22, PART 1, X 1, PROPN 1), not (ADV 2, PART 1), pré (NOUN 6, INTJ 1, PART 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ne (PART 807, VERB 1), l’ (DET 6221, PRON 264, PART 154, PROPN 2), ’s (PART 30, X 5, VERB 3, AUX 1), -ci (PART 6, ADV 1), -là (ADV 10, PART 3), ci (PART 2, ADV 1), ex (NOUN 4, PART 2, ADP 2, INTJ 2, X 1), to (ADP 5, PART 1), (ADV 67, DET 1, PART 1), not (ADV 2, PART 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.105263 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.307036).

The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “ci”: -ci, ci.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “là”: -là, là.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “ne”: n’, ne.

PART does not occur with any features.

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: fr-dep/neg (1631; 84% instances), fr-dep/expl (245; 13% instances), fr-dep/case (26; 1% instances), fr-dep/mwe (11; 1% instances), fr-dep/compound (7; 0% instances), fr-dep/advmod (3; 0% instances), fr-dep/conj (3; 0% instances), fr-dep/det (3; 0% instances), fr-dep/goeswith (3; 0% instances), fr-dep/name (3; 0% instances), fr-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), fr-dep/mark (2; 0% instances), fr-dep/nmod (1; 0% instances), fr-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (1374; 71% instances), PRON (258; 13% instances), ADJ (134; 7% instances), NOUN (128; 7% instances), PROPN (30; 2% instances), ADV (8; 0% instances), PART (3; 0% instances), AUX (2; 0% instances), NUM (2; 0% instances), ADP (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

1929 (99%) PART nodes are leaves.

2 (0%) PART nodes have one child.

6 (0%) PART nodes have two children.

4 (0%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 5.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 10 different relations: fr-dep/mwe (10; 34% instances), fr-dep/punct (7; 24% instances), fr-dep/conj (3; 10% instances), fr-dep/cc (2; 7% instances), fr-dep/det (2; 7% instances), fr-dep/case (1; 3% instances), fr-dep/compound (1; 3% instances), fr-dep/cop (1; 3% instances), fr-dep/mark (1; 3% instances), fr-dep/nsubj (1; 3% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: PUNCT (7; 24% instances), VERB (6; 21% instances), PRON (4; 14% instances), PART (3; 10% instances), ADJ (2; 7% instances), ADP (2; 7% instances), CONJ (2; 7% instances), DET (2; 7% instances), NOUN (1; 3% instances)


PART in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]