This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.
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PART: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Czech particles are not inflected.

Note that response words such as ano, jo  “yes”, ne  “no”, etc. are considered particles in the PDT tagset but they should be retagged as interjections under the UD standard. Also note that ne  can be used in two ways, one would be translated as English “no” and the other as “not”. Only the former should become interjection, while the latter will stay a particle.

Examples

Diffs

Prague Dependency Treebank

References


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

There are 82 PART lemmas (0%), 82 PART types (0%) and 8165 PART tokens (1%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 9 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel

The 10 most frequent PART types: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: jen (PART 2412, NOUN 24), (PART 1384, CONJ 639, SCONJ 139), li (PART 757, PROPN 7), nejen (PART 501, ADV 1), jenom (PART 210, ADV 1), (SCONJ 115, PART 73), pozor (PART 49, NOUN 26), ovšem (CONJ 626, PART 42), to (PART 33, ADP 12), co (PRON 1859, ADV 239, SCONJ 210, PART 21)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: jen (PART 2269, NOUN 2), (PART 1295, CONJ 639, SCONJ 111), li (PART 757, PROPN 7), nejen (PART 472, ADV 1), jenom (PART 197, ADV 1), (SCONJ 95, PART 60), pozor (NOUN 18, PART 2), ovšem (CONJ 561, PART 42), to (PRON 5916, DET 101, PART 30, ADP 5), co (PRON 1187, ADV 233, SCONJ 207, PART 7)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.195930).

The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “not”: not, t.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “Achtung”: Achtung.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “L”: L.

PART occurs with 3 features: cs-feat/Foreign (120; 1% instances), cs-feat/NameType (8; 0% instances), cs-feat/Abbr (3; 0% instances)

PART occurs with 5 feature-value pairs: Abbr=Yes, Foreign=Foreign, NameType=Com, NameType=Oth, NameType=Sur

PART occurs with 7 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (8040 tokens). Examples: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 22 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (4979; 61% instances), cs-dep/advmod (991; 12% instances), cs-dep/mark (816; 10% instances), cs-dep/neg (353; 4% instances), cs-dep/cc (306; 4% instances), cs-dep/dep (184; 2% instances), cs-dep/conj (158; 2% instances), cs-dep/root (132; 2% instances), cs-dep/nmod (102; 1% instances), cs-dep/foreign (72; 1% instances), cs-dep/dobj (27; 0% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (10; 0% instances), cs-dep/case (9; 0% instances), cs-dep/appos (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), cs-dep/discourse (4; 0% instances), cs-dep/mwe (4; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/iobj (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/name (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: NOUN (3107; 38% instances), VERB (2170; 27% instances), NUM (914; 11% instances), ADV (788; 10% instances), ADJ (480; 6% instances), PRON (253; 3% instances), PROPN (175; 2% instances), ROOT (132; 2% instances), PART (59; 1% instances), DET (46; 1% instances), CONJ (21; 0% instances), SYM (15; 0% instances), INTJ (3; 0% instances), SCONJ (2; 0% instances)

7708 (94%) PART nodes are leaves.

147 (2%) PART nodes have one child.

133 (2%) PART nodes have two children.

177 (2%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 10.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 22 different relations: cs-dep/punct (515; 46% instances), cs-dep/conj (173; 16% instances), cs-dep/cc (81; 7% instances), cs-dep/dep (49; 4% instances), cs-dep/mark (49; 4% instances), cs-dep/advmod:emph (35; 3% instances), cs-dep/mwe (33; 3% instances), cs-dep/foreign (29; 3% instances), cs-dep/nmod (25; 2% instances), cs-dep/case (23; 2% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (22; 2% instances), cs-dep/amod (21; 2% instances), cs-dep/advmod (11; 1% instances), cs-dep/cop (11; 1% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (9; 1% instances), cs-dep/aux (8; 1% instances), cs-dep/advcl (7; 1% instances), cs-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/dobj (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: PUNCT (515; 46% instances), NOUN (120; 11% instances), VERB (96; 9% instances), ADV (78; 7% instances), CONJ (68; 6% instances), PART (59; 5% instances), SCONJ (57; 5% instances), ADJ (40; 4% instances), ADP (30; 3% instances), PRON (22; 2% instances), PROPN (15; 1% instances), AUX (8; 1% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)

There are 43 PART lemmas (0%), 44 PART types (0%) and 3161 PART tokens (1%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 11 in number of lemmas, 12 in number of types and 15 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: jen, li, až, nejen, asi, ovšem, ne, jenom, ať, prý

The 10 most frequent PART types: jen, li, až, nejen, asi, ovšem, ne, jenom, ať, prý

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: jen (PART 931, NOUN 1), li (PART 579, ADJ 1), (PART 517, SCONJ 36, CONJ 6), ovšem (PART 211, ADV 14, CONJ 5), (SCONJ 43, PART 32), s (ADP 3842, PART 13), co (PRON 525, ADV 166, SCONJ 16, PART 3, ADJ 1), la (PART 2, ADJ 1), Le (ADJ 1, PART 1), copak (PRON 7, PART 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: jen (PART 873, NOUN 1), (PART 502, SCONJ 32, CONJ 6), ovšem (PART 190, ADV 12, CONJ 5), (SCONJ 42, PART 27), s (ADP 3122, PART 13), to (PRON 1856, DET 39, PART 11), La (PART 3, ADJ 1), co (PRON 382, ADV 160, SCONJ 15, PART 1, ADJ 1), Copak (PRON 5, PART 1), fakt (NOUN 18, PART 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.023256 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.206260).

The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “das”: das, des.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “Al”: Al.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “La”: La.

PART occurs with 2 features: cs-feat/Foreign (14; 0% instances), cs-feat/NameType (4; 0% instances)

PART occurs with 3 feature-value pairs: Foreign=Foreign, NameType=Geo, NameType=Oth

PART occurs with 4 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (3147 tokens). Examples: jen, li, až, nejen, asi, ovšem, ne, jenom, ať, prý

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 17 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (1471; 47% instances), cs-dep/mark (608; 19% instances), cs-dep/cc (447; 14% instances), cs-dep/advmod (304; 10% instances), cs-dep/case (130; 4% instances), cs-dep/neg (86; 3% instances), cs-dep/conj (33; 1% instances), cs-dep/dep (26; 1% instances), cs-dep/root (24; 1% instances), cs-dep/foreign (8; 0% instances), cs-dep/nmod (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/discourse (6; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), cs-dep/mwe (3; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/dobj (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (1107; 35% instances), VERB (951; 30% instances), NUM (349; 11% instances), ADV (242; 8% instances), ADJ (231; 7% instances), PRON (98; 3% instances), SYM (40; 1% instances), PROPN (39; 1% instances), DET (37; 1% instances), ROOT (24; 1% instances), SCONJ (19; 1% instances), PART (18; 1% instances), CONJ (6; 0% instances)

2955 (93%) PART nodes are leaves.

164 (5%) PART nodes have one child.

8 (0%) PART nodes have two children.

34 (1%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 11.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 19 different relations: cs-dep/mwe (137; 41% instances), cs-dep/punct (68; 21% instances), cs-dep/cc (26; 8% instances), cs-dep/conj (18; 5% instances), cs-dep/advmod:emph (17; 5% instances), cs-dep/dep (12; 4% instances), cs-dep/cop (11; 3% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (11; 3% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (10; 3% instances), cs-dep/mark (5; 2% instances), cs-dep/advcl (3; 1% instances), cs-dep/advmod (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/aux (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/dobj (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/nmod (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/nummod (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/case (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: ADP (130; 39% instances), PUNCT (68; 21% instances), VERB (33; 10% instances), ADV (24; 7% instances), NOUN (21; 6% instances), PART (18; 5% instances), CONJ (11; 3% instances), SCONJ (9; 3% instances), PRON (7; 2% instances), ADJ (4; 1% instances), NUM (4; 1% instances), AUX (2; 1% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)

There are 6 PART lemmas (0%), 6 PART types (0%) and 75 PART tokens (0%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 13 in number of lemmas, 14 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: jen, až, netto, nikoli, brutto, ne

The 10 most frequent PART types: jen, až, netto, nikoliv, brutto, ne

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: (PART 30, SCONJ 7, CONJ 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: (PART 30, SCONJ 7, CONJ 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.764161).

The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “až”: .

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “brutto”: brutto.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “jen”: jen.

PART does not occur with any features.

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 6 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (54; 72% instances), cs-dep/cc (15; 20% instances), cs-dep/appos (3; 4% instances), cs-dep/neg (1; 1% instances), cs-dep/nmod (1; 1% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (1; 1% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: X (38; 51% instances), NOUN (27; 36% instances), NUM (6; 8% instances), ADV (3; 4% instances), ADJ (1; 1% instances)

71 (95%) PART nodes are leaves.

0 (0%) PART nodes have one child.

3 (4%) PART nodes have two children.

1 (1%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 3.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 2 different relations: cs-dep/punct (8; 89% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (1; 11% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 2 different parts of speech: PUNCT (8; 89% instances), ADJ (1; 11% instances)


PART in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]