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iobj: indirect object

The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:

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Pavel dal Petrovi dvě hrušky . \n Pavel gave Petr two pears .
iobj(dal, Petrovi)
iobj(gave, Petr)
{
    "text": "Pavel dal Petrovi dvě hrušky . \n Pavel gave Petr two pears . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 6, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 18, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 22, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 29, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 33, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 39, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 44, 48 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 49, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 53, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 59, 60 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T10" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

However, Czech allows other semantic roles as additional objects. The morphological Case of the objects is dictated by verb valency.

In the following Czech example, the verb takes two arguments, both are nouns in the accusative case. One of them is direct object (patient), the other is indirect (addressee). It is parallel to how the English translation would be annotated (where there is no morphological case marking) and also to verbs of giving (consider a similar sentence, he gave my daughter a class of maths).

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On učí mou dceru matematiku . \n He teaches my daughter.Acc maths.Acc .
dobj(učí, matematiku)
iobj(učí, dceru)
dobj(teaches, maths.Acc)
iobj(teaches, daughter.Acc)
{
    "text": "On učí mou dceru matematiku . \n He teaches my daughter.Acc maths.Acc . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 11, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 28, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 32, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 35, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 43, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 46, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T12", "token", [ [ 59, 68 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T13", "token", [ [ 69, 70 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R3", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T12" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R4", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T11" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

In general, if there is just one object, it should be labeled dobj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, učit “to teach” can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed as the dobj:

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Učí úvod do logiky . \n He-teaches introduction to logic .
dobj(Učí, úvod)
dobj(He-teaches, introduction)
{
    "text": "Učí úvod do logiky . \n He-teaches introduction to logic . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 19, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 23, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 47, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 50, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 56, 57 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

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info
  
Učí studenty prvního ročníku . \n He-teaches students of-first year .
dobj(Učí, studenty)
dobj(He-teaches, students)
{
    "text": "Učí studenty prvního ročníku . \n He-teaches students of-first year . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 21, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 29, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 33, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 44, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 53, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T10", "token", [ [ 62, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 67, 68 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

The one exception is when there is a clausal complement. Then the clausal complement is regarded as a “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to the simple ditransitive case:

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Řekla studentům , že dnes večer musí studovat . \n She-told students , that today evening they-needed to-study .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
ccomp(Řekla, musí)
iobj(She-told, students)
ccomp(She-told, they-needed)
{
    "text": "Řekla studentům , že dnes večer musí studovat . \n She-told students , that today evening they-needed to-study . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T2", "token", [ [ 6, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T3", "token", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T4", "token", [ [ 18, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T5", "token", [ [ 21, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T6", "token", [ [ 26, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T7", "token", [ [ 32, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T8", "token", [ [ 37, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T9", "token", [ [ 46, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T11", "token", [ [ 50, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T12", "token", [ [ 59, 67 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T13", "token", [ [ 68, 69 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T14", "token", [ [ 70, 74 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T15", "token", [ [ 75, 80 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T16", "token", [ [ 81, 88 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T17", "token", [ [ 89, 100 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T18", "token", [ [ 101, 109 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T19", "token", [ [ 110, 111 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-R1", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R2", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R3", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T12" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R4", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T17" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ]
}

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info
  
Řekla studentům svůj plán . \n She-told students her plan .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
dobj(Řekla, plán)
iobj(She-told, students)
dobj(She-told, plan)
{
    "text": "Řekla studentům svůj plán . \n She-told students her plan . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T2", "token", [ [ 6, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T3", "token", [ [ 16, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T4", "token", [ [ 21, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T5", "token", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T7", "token", [ [ 30, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T8", "token", [ [ 39, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T9", "token", [ [ 48, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T10", "token", [ [ 52, 56 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T11", "token", [ [ 57, 58 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-R1", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-R2", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-R3", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-R4", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T10" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ]
}

If there are two or more objects, one of them should be dobj and the others should be iobj. In such cases it is necessary to decide what is the most directly affected object (patient).

Diffs

Prague Dependency Treebank

The manual annotation of the PDT does not distinguish direct and indirect objects. Therefore all non-clausal dependents labeled Obj in PDT are currently labeled dobj in the converted data, even if it results in two or more direct objects attached to one verb. In future, the valency lexicon Vallex could be used to identify the main object.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

This relation is universal.

8495 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as iobj.

5114 instances of iobj (60%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 3.00235432607416.

The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: VERB-NOUN (4565; 54% instances), VERB-PRON (2658; 31% instances), VERB-PROPN (712; 8% instances), VERB-ADJ (472; 6% instances), VERB-NUM (61; 1% instances), VERB-ADV (24; 0% instances), VERB-SYM (2; 0% instances), VERB-PART (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 10 iobj	color:blue
1	Mohou	moci	VERB	VB-P---3P-AA--1	Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	_	LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2	zde	zde	ADV	Db-------------	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	porovnat	porovnat	VERB	Vf--------A----	Aspect=Perf|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	svůj	svůj	DET	P8IS4----------	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	5	det	_	LId=svůj-1|LGloss=(přivlast.)
5	vývoj	vývoj	NOUN	NNIS4-----A----	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing	3	dobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	Z:-------------	_	5	punct	_	_
7	záměry	záměr	NOUN	NNIP4-----A----	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	se	s	ADP	RV--7----------	AdpType=Voc|Case=Ins	10	case	_	LId=s-1
9	světovými	světový	ADJ	AAIP7----1A----	Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur	10	amod	_	_
10	trendy	trend	NOUN	NNIP7-----A----	Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur	3	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	Z:-------------	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 3 iobj	color:blue
1	Může	moci	VERB	VB-S---3P-AA---	Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	_	LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2	po	po	ADP	RR--6----------	AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc	3	case	_	LId=po-1
3	mně	já	PRON	PP-S6--1-------	Case=Loc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	iobj	_	_
4	takové	takový	DET	PDIP4----------	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	údaje	údaj	NOUN	NNIP4-----A----	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur	7	dobj	_	_
6	pojišťovna	pojišťovna	NOUN	NNFS1-----A----	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing	1	nsubj	_	_
7	vyžadovat	vyžadovat	VERB	Vf--------A----	Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	Z:-------------	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 1 iobj	color:blue
1	LN	LN	PROPN	NNFPX-----A---8	Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Pro|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur	4	iobj	_	LId=LN-1|LGloss=(Lidové_noviny,_deník)
2	to	ten	PRON	PDNS4----------	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	dobj	_	_
3	včera	včera	ADV	Db-------------	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	řekl	říci	VERB	VpYS---XR-AA---	Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
5	místopředseda	místopředseda	NOUN	NNMS1-----A----	Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
6	sněmovny	sněmovna	NOUN	NNFS2-----A----	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
7	a	a	CONJ	J^-------------	_	6	cc	_	LId=a-1
8	KDU	KDU	PROPN	NNFXX-----A---8	Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No|LGloss=(Křesťansko-demokratická_unie)
9	-	-	PUNCT	Z:-------------	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	ČSL	ČSL	PROPN	NNFXX-----A---8	Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos	8	conj	_	LId=ČSL-1|LGloss=(Česká_[pův._Čsl.]_strana_lidová)
11	Jan	Jan	PROPN	NNMS1-----A----	Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Giv|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
12	Kasal	Kasal	PROPN	NNMS1-----A----	Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Sur|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing	11	name	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	Z:-------------	_	4	punct	_	_

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iobj in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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