The indirect object of a verb is any nominal structure that is a core
argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object.
The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange,
that is often realized as a nominal element preceded by a σε-preposition.
Benefactives and source semantic roles are also marked as indirect objects. Recipient and source roles can be realized as nominal elements preceded by για- and από- prepositions.
Recipient, benefactives and source roles can be cliticized in genitive.
Της έδωσε αύξηση
iobj(έδωσε, Της)
obj(έδωσε, αύξηση)
Της έφτιαξε φακές
iobj(έφτιαξε, Της)
obj(έφτιαξε, φακές)
Του πήραν δυο χιλιάρικα
iobj(πήραν, Του)
obj(πήραν, χιλιάρικα)
When two objects in accusative are present, one of them is annotated as dobj and the other as iobj. Generally, the most directly affected object (patient) is marked as dobj.
Διδάσκει τα παιδιά.Acc ιστορία.Acc
obj(Διδάσκει, ιστορία.Acc)
iobj(Διδάσκει, παιδιά.Acc)
If there is just one object, it should be labeled dobj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, διδάσκω can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed as the dobj:
Διδάσκει μαθηματικά
dobj(Διδάσκει, μαθηματικά)
Διδάσκει τους φοιτητές
dobj(Διδάσκει, φοιτητές)
The one exception is when there is a clausal complement. Then the clausal complement is regarded
as a ccomp “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to the simple ditransitive case:
Είπε στους φοιτητές να διαβάσουν το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο
iobj(Είπε, φοιτητές)
xcomp(Είπε, διαβάσουν)
Είπε στους φοιτητές το πρόγραμμα
iobj(Είπε, φοιτητές)
dobj(Είπε, πρόγραμμα)
See the expl relation for cases of clitic doubling.
Diffs
At present and contrary to the general UD definition of iobj, in
UD Greek we allow prepositional indirect objects.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Greek)
This relation is universal.
408 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
343 instances of iobj (84%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.54901960784314.
The following 10 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: VERB-NOUN (308; 75% instances), VERB-PRON (78; 19% instances), VERB-ADJ (7; 2% instances), VERB-PUNCT (6; 1% instances), VERB-NUM (3; 1% instances), ADV-NOUN (2; 0% instances), ADJ-PRON (1; 0% instances), ADV-PUNCT (1; 0% instances), NOUN-NOUN (1; 0% instances), PART-PRON (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 7 iobj color:blue
1 Η ο DET DET Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 det _ _
2 μελέτη μελέτη NOUN NOUN Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 της ο DET DET Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 det _ _
4 Πίζας Πίζα NOUN NOUN Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
5 προκάλεσε προκαλώ VERB VERB Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
6 στη στου ADP ADP Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 case _ _
7 Γερμανία Γερμανία NOUN NOUN Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 iobj _ _
8 ένα ένας DET DET Case=Acc|Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 10 det _ _
9 ευεργετικό ευεργετικός ADJ ADJ Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 10 amod _ _
10 σοκ σοκ NOUN NOUN Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 dobj _ _
11 . . PUNCT PUNCT _ 5 punct _ _
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 2 iobj color:blue
1 Σε σε ADP ADP _ 2 case _ _
2 τι τι PRON PRON Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Int 4 iobj _ _
3 μας εγώ PRON PRON Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 dobj _ _
4 χρησιμεύει χρησιμεύω VERB VERB Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
5 όμως όμως CONJ CONJ _ 4 cc _ _
6 ; ; PUNCT PUNCT _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 8 iobj color:blue
1 Έχει έχω VERB VERB Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 μόνο μόνο ADV ADV _ 1 advmod _ _
3 μειονεκτήματα μειονέκτημα NOUN NOUN Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 1 dobj _ _
4 και και CONJ CONJ _ 1 cc _ _
5 κοστίζει κοστίζω VERB VERB Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act 1 conj _ _
6 ακριβά ακριβός ADV ADV _ 5 advmod _ _
7 σε σε ADP ADP _ 8 case _ _
8 όλους όλος ADJ ADJ Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 5 iobj _ _
9 . . PUNCT PUNCT _ 1 punct _ _