AUX

This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.

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`AUX`: auxiliary verb

Definition

An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice.

Danish auxiliary verbs can be divided into tense auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries, passive auxiliaries, and copulas.

Examples

Tense auxiliary: har købt “has bought”
Modal auxiliary: kunne tænke “can think”
Passive auxiliary: blev fundet “was found”
Copula: var grøn “was green”, er en løsning “is a solution”

Delimitation

Auxiliaries are a closed-class list. The following list breaks down the lemmas of the words marked as AUX into the four kinds of auxiliary verb (which are later disambiguated by their dependency label).

Tense auxiliary: have
Modal auxiliary: burde, kunne, måtte, turde,skulle, ville
Passive auxiliary: blive
Copula: væra

Treebank Statistics (UD_Danish)

There are 9 AUX lemmas (0%), 34 AUX types (0%) and 4917 AUX tokens (5%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 14 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: være, have, kunne, blive, skulle, ville, måtte, burde, turde

The 10 most frequent AUX types: er, har, kan, var, skal, vil, blev, være, kunne, havde

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: være (AUX 2044, VERB 589), have (AUX 868, VERB 393, NOUN 5, X 1), kunne (AUX 646, VERB 22), blive (AUX 450, VERB 56), skulle (AUX 388, VERB 30), ville (AUX 340, VERB 22), måtte (AUX 143, VERB 9, X 1, NOUN 1), turde (AUX 12, VERB 3)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: er (AUX 1354, VERB 360), har (AUX 677, VERB 230, X 1), kan (AUX 459, VERB 12), var (AUX 399, VERB 129), skal (AUX 294, VERB 20), vil (AUX 254, VERB 18), blev (AUX 197, VERB 17), være (AUX 178, VERB 53), kunne (AUX 159, VERB 9), havde (AUX 133, VERB 62)

er
- AUX 1354: - Hvad er det , du siger ?
- VERB 360: Jeg ved ikke , om jeg er ved at kede mig , eller om jeg bare er doven .
har
- AUX 677: ” Han skulle ha’ en lærestreg for alle de rædsler , han har begået .
- VERB 230: Kyllingerne her har meget mere plads .
- X 1: Som leder af Filmskolen i Danmark har har således været med til at udvirke , at instruktøren Gert Fredholm netop nu er på vej til Zimbabwe for at opbygge en filmuddannelse .
kan
- AUX 459: Så kan vi tale om en konference bagefter . “
- VERB 12: Et spædbarn kan mere end dets forældre ved .
var
- AUX 399: H.L. Hansen var en udsædvanlig og frodig personlighed .
- VERB 129: Men det lod sig ikke vurdere , hvor repræsentativ denne stemning var .
skal
- AUX 294: - Nu skal jeg vise vej .
- VERB 20: Om cirka et år skal systemet så ud til resten af landet .
vil
- AUX 254: Rudbjerg vil samarbejde med Nakskov
- VERB 18: Min sjæl , hvad vil du mer’ ?
blev
- AUX 197: Kelds oplæg blev fulgt 100 procent , “ pointerer Susan Mackensie .
- VERB 17: Det blev ikke til noget i sengen , men det betød ikke noget .
være
- AUX 178: Hvem der skal spille op til dans , skal helst være en overraskelse .
- VERB 53: ” Det er at være under konstant pres .
kunne
- AUX 159: Jeg kunne ikke få mig selv til at sende det .
- VERB 9: Det kunne den ikke helt objektivt .
havde
- AUX 133: Og tyskerne havde fået det chok , de aldrig overvandt .
- VERB 62: Men Karin havde andre tanker .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 3.777778 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.355873).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “blive”: Bliv, blev, blevet, bli’r, blive, bliver.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “kunne”: ka’, kan, ku’, kunne, kunnet.

The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “være”: er, var, være, værende, været.

AUX occurs with 6 features: VerbForm (4917; 100% instances), Voice (4729; 96% instances), Tense (4582; 93% instances), Mood (4396; 89% instances), Definite (186; 4% instances), Number (186; 4% instances)

AUX occurs with 10 feature-value pairs: Definite=Ind, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Number=Sing, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part,Trans, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 6 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act (3311 tokens). Examples: er, har, kan, skal, vil, bliver, må, bør, tør, ka’

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: aux (2550; 52% instances), cop (1761; 36% instances), auxpass (606; 12% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 8 different parts of speech: VERB (2894; 59% instances), ADJ (898; 18% instances), NOUN (760; 15% instances), ADV (197; 4% instances), PRON (97; 2% instances), PROPN (37; 1% instances), NUM (18; 0% instances), ADP (16; 0% instances)

4869 (99%) AUX nodes are leaves.

7 (0%) AUX nodes have one child.

10 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

31 (1%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 6.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 10 different relations: nsubj (44; 34% instances), advmod (21; 16% instances), dobj (15; 11% instances), nmod (15; 11% instances), punct (13; 10% instances), xcomp (8; 6% instances), amod (4; 3% instances), expl (4; 3% instances), neg (4; 3% instances), mark (3; 2% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: PRON (39; 30% instances), NOUN (30; 23% instances), ADV (25; 19% instances), PUNCT (13; 10% instances), VERB (8; 6% instances), ADP (4; 3% instances), X (4; 3% instances), ADJ (3; 2% instances), PROPN (3; 2% instances), NUM (1; 1% instances), SCONJ (1; 1% instances)

AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]