UD Chechen MottDT
Language: Chechen (code: ce)
Family: Nakh-Daghestanian
This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.19 release.
The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Anna Veselovsky, Zarina Molochieva, Alena Witzlack-Makarevich.
Repository: UD_Chechen-MottDT
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.19
License: CC BY-NC 4.0
Genre: spoken, grammar-examples
Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Chechen-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [veselovska • auv (æt) gmail • com]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.
| Annotation | Source |
|---|---|
| Lemmas | annotated manually |
| UPOS | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
| XPOS | not available |
| Features | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
| Relations | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
Description
Chechen-MottDT is a Universal Dependencies treebank of the Chechen language (Nakh-Daghestanian). The annotation for part of speech tags and features was coverted from interlinear glosses, while dependencies were annotated manually. The treebank contains 3160 tokens.
The Chechen-MottDT treebank contains three oral folktales; the respective sentence IDs start with ‘spoken’. In addition, the treebank contains examples from the Chechen contribution to BivalTyp (the Typological Database of Bivalent Verbs and Their Encoding Frames). The respective sentence IDs start with ‘grammar’. The texts included are as follows.
- spoken_bear: an oral folktale, 235 tokens
- spoken_wolf: an oral folktale, 668 tokens
- spoken_witch: an oral folktale, 1832 tokens
- grammar_examples: examples from the Chechen contribution to BivalTyp, 425 tokens
Acknowledgments
- This work was supported by the project “Event Packaging in Language” (University of Zurich Global Strategy and Partnerships Funding Scheme, 2023–2026).
- We are thankful to Kira Tulchinska for her advice on formatting this contribution to Universal Dependencies.
References
- Molochieva, Zarina. 2011. Tense, aspect, and mood in Chechen. The University of Leipzig dissertation.
- Molochieva, Zarina. 2020. Chechen. In Say, Sergey (ed.) BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info/languages/descriptions/Chechen.html, Accessed on 23 October 2026.)
Statistics of UD Chechen MottDT
POS Tags
ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB – X
Features
AdpType – Aspect – Case – Clusivity – ConvType – Evident – Log – Mood – NounClass – Number – Person – Polarity – Poss – PronType – Reflex – Tense – VerbForm – Voice
Relations
acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – advmod:emph – amod – appos – aux – case – cc – ccomp – ccomp:reported – compound:redup – conj – cop – csubj – dep – det – discourse – dislocated – iobj – mark – nmod – nmod:poss – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – orphan – parataxis – punct – reparandum – root – vocative – xcomp
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- This corpus contains 489 sentences, 3048 tokens and 3160 syntactic words.
- This corpus contains 632 tokens (21%) that are not followed by a space.
- This corpus does not contain words with spaces.
- This corpus contains 158 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: t'aaq, 'a, t'e, novq'a, juq'ie, k'eljaala, t'aehw, t'era, ch'aabarsh, niq', q'ig, cwa'a, ecca'a, k'a, shi'a, t'aehwa, boq'ula, c'aazamish, c'e, caxa'a, chwa'a, ch’aara, cwa', c’aa, hwieq’al, k'aadviella, k'aazhar, k'ant, k'antana, t'aehwar, t'aehwdaella, t'aehwjalla, t'aehwqie, t'eghol, t'ejooghash, t'ejoxna, t'eqaechcha, t'exdaella, 'ajollana, 'vai,, Hwaa'hwa, Hwaa'hwa'a, K'ielhwara, T'aa, a', ba'a, baq'ahw, baq‘ahw, be'ana, bu'ush
- This corpus contains 78 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.44 syntactic words.
- There are 65 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: juxa'a, korta'a, aara'ajaella, hwa'ajaestana, juq, k'a'a, majaac, saara'a, t'e'ajoexna, Aella'a, Maaala, Oarca'a, Shainam, aara'ajaalie, aara'ajalla, aelxa'a, c'e'a, c'ia, chu'ajollii, chu'ajollina, chu'aqitina, chu'aqitta, chumaqaechniehw, dawa'a, dika'a, du'a, dwa'aeqqaina, dwa'ajixkana, gi'a, gi'ajollana, gi'ajollina, gi'amajollira, gimajoelniera, hwa'ajaexna, hwa'jostur, hwalt'e'jaella, i'a, irdina, ja'a, jaa'ajajna, jaaga'jaegga, jada'ajadda, jarq, je'ajiina, jelxa'ajoelxush, jie'ajiina, jollamjollana, k'elara'a, kyg'a, maaxa'a.
Morphology
Tags
- This corpus uses 16 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB, X
- This corpus does not use the following tags: SYM
- This corpus contains 6 word types tagged as particles (PART): 'a, baax, boox, m, ma, q
- This corpus contains 45 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): ahw, as, bwaara, caara, cu, cul, cuo, cwa'a, deza, dielxa, e, galnash, hara, hu, hwa, hwan, hweena, hwo, hwuuna, i, iza, jar, jara, jeeshap, jersh, jorsh, maangal, mal, micha, muuxa, sai, san, sha, shaa, shai, shi', shie, shien, shu, so, txo, vai, vaj, vieshimmuo, ysh
- This corpus contains 12 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): chwannie, cu, cwa'a, hara, i, jar, jara, masso, massuo, micha, qu, sa
- Out of the above, 7 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: cu, cwa'a, hara, i, jar, jara, micha
- This corpus contains 2 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX): du, xila
- Out of the above, 2 lemmas occurred sometimes as AUX and sometimes as VERB: du, xila
- There are 4 (de)verbal forms:
- Conv
- AUX: dolash, jolchu, jollush, jolsh, dolsh, jaliehw, bolush, dolchu, dollash, dollsh
- VERB: aell, oolush, boqqush, joodash, jooghush, jadda, jeena, laettash, voodash, wesh
- Inf
- AUX: xil
- VERB: t'aehwqie, jie, hwaaqa, k'eljaala, laxa, miegar, saca, t'eqie, tasa, thousa
- Part
- AUX: jolu, jolchu, joocu, volu, bolchera, dolchu, dolu, jolch, jolluchu
- VERB: jolcha
- Vnoun
- AUX: deg, dera, jolchun
- VERB: aellar, bollach, dinachunna, dodachu, dooghuchu, jerg, jolchunga, t'ebooghuchara
Nominal Features
- Plur
- ADJ: vuish
- NOUN: ch'aabarsh, dooghanash, tatnash, c'aazamish, chaabarsh, hamnash, kiertash, xish, beerash, bweerij
- PRON: ysh, vai, caara, shai, caarna, jersh, txoishinnie, Vieshimmuo, bweerij, ceera
- Sing
- DET: i, jara, quo, qyn, sa
- PRON: shie, cuo, shaa, jara, shiina, as, hwo, cun, jar, so
- Abl
- NOUN: ghaalara
- PRON: hwaigara
- Abs
- DET: i, jara, qyn
- NOUN: jow, gaali, borz, naana, jeeshap, tur, ketar, oarca, sa, xaattar
- PRON: jara, hwo, jar, so, ez, ysh, e, hara, iza, jersh
- PROPN: Islam, Nadir, Madina, NAME
- VERB: aellar, jerg, wotessina
- VERB-Vnoun: aellar, jerg
- Acc
- ADJ: voqqachu
- AUX: jolchu
- NOUN: deegha
- VERB: dodachu, dooghuchu, jooghachu
- VERB-Vnoun: dodachu, dooghuchu
- All
- NOUN: stagie, cwogalie, jowie, neenie, ciskie, gaalie, husamie, jowaga, neenaga, q'igie
- PRON: cynga, hwoega, shiega, caara, cunga, hwooga
- PROPN: Nadiraga, Islamaga
- VERB: jolchonga, jolchunga
- VERB-Vnoun: jolchunga
- Cmp
- PROPN: Nadiral
- Dat
- AUX-Vnoun: jolchun
- NOUN: jowana, k'antana, chwogalna, dechgana, deegha, hwiexarxochunna, hwoozana, k’antana, stagana, stolana
- NUM: chwan, cwan
- PRON: shiina, shiena, cun, hwuuna, cunna, caarna, hweena, qun, txoishinnie, hwoona
- PROPN: Islamana, Nadirana, Madinana
- VERB-Vnoun: dinachunna
- Erg
- DET: quo
- NOUN: jeeshapo, jowa, daas, jishas, naanas, cwogalo, gouro, kuuzano, staga, stago
- NUM: shimmie
- PRON: cuo, as, aas, ahw, caara, Vieshimmuo, oquo, quo
- PROPN: Islamas, Madinas
- VERB-Vnoun: t'ebooghuchara
- Gen
- DET: sa
- NOUN: eesi, gourie, bezhni, gouri, human, jiwi, jowi, jurtan, veshi, zudchujna
- PRON: sa, shie, hwa, shien, vai, san, cun, hwaj, bweerij, ceera
- PROPN: Islaman, Nadiran
- Ins
- NOUN: kochaca, shurenca, zwokarca
- PROPN: Nadiraca
- Lat
- NOUN: laettax, Berdax, c'ierax, c’aax, dechkax, dechkex, diaghax, ghaalax, humanax, hwunax
- PRON: cunax, hwanchox
- PROPN: Nadirax, Madinax
- Loc
- NOUN: naewarg, dynenchu, ghienahw, mettiahw, mettie, tükanchu
- NUM: qo'anahw
Degree and Polarity
- Neg
- AUX: jaac, caxilla, baacar, caxill, daac, baac, joocu, joocush
- AUX-Conv: joocush
- AUX-Part: joocu
- PART: ma
- VERB: cabieza, caxa'a, cavieza, jaaxacalush, jaxacalush, caeshsh, cagira, cahwoozhush, cajeera, cakarosh
- VERB-Conv: jaaxacalush, jaxacalush, caeshsh, cahwoozhush, cakarosh, cawesh, caxu'ush, dwacajuzhush, hwacajostush, jaxacalsh
Verbal Features
- Hab
- VERB-Conv: xylush
- Perf
- AUX: xilla, caxilla, caxill, xilli
- VERB: aella, aell, toexna, ecca'a, xaettana, dina, wotessina, hwaqaechcha, oeghazvaxna, qietta
- VERB-Conv: aella
- Imp
- VERB: aala, K'eljaala, joola, bajta, jalie, Dwamaaallahw, Hwaaala, Maaala, Wohottabie, dwadoula
- Fut
- VERB: lur, booxor, ghuura, gyrg, jollurg, jooghurg, joostura, lerg, wochuxoug, xu'ur
- Past
- AUX: dara, baacar, bar, jar, jara, vara
- VERB: xietara, hwaqoessira, majoelniera
- Pres
- AUX: ju, du, jaac, vu, bu, daac, baac, jollu, jollush, joocush
- AUX-Conv: jollush, joocush
- VERB: ladughu, cabieza, go, jieza, ooxu, tiesha, vieza, ju, Joox, cavieza
- Cau
- VERB: bajta, jajta, chubajtal, do'aitara, dwachujaxitina, gatdo, hottabaitina, hwaabina, hwachujajta, hwiizavo
- VERB-Inf: jaita
- Fh
- VERB: dwaeqiira, dwaeqqijra, cagira, hwaqoessira, jaxar
Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers
- Dem
- DET: i, cu, oc, jar, hara, hoqu, hwara, oq, jara, quo
- PRON: cu, jara, i, jar, hara, e, cun, hwra, har, jersh
- Ind
- DET: cwa'a
- PRON: cwa'a, chwa'a
- Int
- ADV: mich, michar, muuxa
- DET: micha
- PRON: hu, mal, micha, muuxa, seenax
- Neg
- DET: chwannie
- Prs
- DET: cu, mich, micha, qu, sa
- PRON: shie, cuo, shaa, shiina, as, hwo, cun, so, ez, shiena
- Tot
- DET: masso, massuo
- Yes
- PRON: shie, shien, shai, Shii, hwanchox, sai
- Yes
- PRON: shie, shaa, shiina, shiena, shien, shai, sai, shiega, Shii, hwaigara
- 1
- DET: sa
- PRON: as, so, sa, vai, aas, san, sai, txoishinnie, Vieshimmuo, suuna
- 2
- PRON: hwo, hwuuna, hwa, ahw, hwaj, hwoega, shai, hwaigara, hwanchox, hwooga
- 3
- DET: i, jara, quo, qyn
- PRON: shie, cuo, shaa, jara, shiina, cun, jar, ez, shiena, ysh
Other Features
- AdpType
- Post
- ADP: t'e, t'era, chu, chura, t'aehw, buxa, buxahw, doeħa, juq'ie, t'aehwa
- Prep
- ADP: na
- Post
- Clusivity
- In
- PRON: vai, vaj
- In
- ConvType
- After
- VERB: dwajaxanchol
- Ant
- VERB: jadda, jeena, aell, jedda, jina, bittina, dedda, ecna, jalla, jiina
- VERB-Conv: jadda, jeena, aell, jedda, jina, bittina, dedda, ecna, jalla, jiina
- As
- VERB-Conv: joelnaehw, qaechniehw, xaejniahw
- Before
- VERB: jalljahw
- Imm
- VERB-Conv: ghoi, jaalie, jollii
- Sim
- AUX-Conv: dolash, jollush, jolsh, dolsh, bolush, dollash, dollsh, jollash, joocush
- VERB-Conv: oolush, boqqush, joodash, jooghush, laettash, voodash, wesh, boelxash, hwoezhush, irdiesh
- Temp
- AUX-Conv: jolchu, dolchu
- VERB-Conv: hwalhwaezhcha, dich, dicha, aelch, aellcha, baxch, dajchi, dwabyjshacha, hwajaeqqicha, hwasomjaelcha
- Until
- VERB: qettalac, qettalc, xattalc
- After
- Log
- Yes
- PRON: shaa, shie, shiena, sha, shiega, shiina
- Yes
- NounClass
- Bclass
- AUX: baacar, bu, baac, bar, bolchera, bolush
- AUX-Conv: bolush
- AUX-Part: bolchera
- VERB: boqqush, bajta, cabieza, boelxash, Wohottabie, bittina, boelx, boelxush, booxor, chaqbaella
- VERB-Conv: boqqush, boelxash, bittina, boelxush, hwabooghash, baxan, baxch, bettash, biezash, bina
- VERB-Inf: ba'a, baa
- VERB-Vnoun: bollach, t'ebooghuchara
- Dclass
- ADJ: douxa
- AUX: du, dara, dolash, daac, derg, dolchu, dolsh, deg, dera, dollash
- AUX-Conv: dolash, dolsh, dolchu, dollash, dollsh
- AUX-Part: dolchu, dolu
- AUX-Vnoun: deg, dera
- VERB: dina, diira, lardoora, diel, irdiesh, dedda, deexash, dich, dicha, diesh
- VERB-Conv: irdiesh, dedda, deexash, dich, dicha, diesh, t'aehwdaella, chaqdiilush, daexkana, daexna
- VERB-Inf: da, daaxa, dawa
- VERB-Vnoun: dinachunna, dodachu, dooghuchu
- Jclass
- ADJ: jeexa, jeg
- AUX: ju, jaac, jolchu, jolu, jolluchu, jollush, jolsh, jaliehw, joocu, jui
- AUX-Conv: jolchu, jollush, jolsh, jaliehw, jollash, joocush
- AUX-Part: jolu, jolchu, joocu, jolch, jolluchu
- AUX-Vnoun: jolchun
- VERB: jie, k'eljaala, jollahw, jaella, jalla, jiina, joodash, jooghush, joola, jaa
- VERB-Conv: joodash, jooghush, jadda, jeena, jaella, jalla, jedda, jina, jolsh, hwajooghash
- VERB-Inf: jie, k'eljaala, c'ajaa, c'ajaxa, dwajaala, ja, jaala, jaita, jeexa, jolla
- VERB-Part: jolcha
- VERB-Vnoun: jerg, jolchunga
- Vclass
- ADJ: voqqa, voqqachu
- AUX: vu, volu, va, vara
- AUX-Part: volu
- VERB: oeghazvaxna, vieza, voodash, Valol, aaravaella, cavieza, ciacvaella, dwavie, k'aadviella, vaxan
- VERB-Conv: voodash, vaxan, voedash, voedsh, dwavoedash, k'aadviella, vaxana, voedaash, vooghush
- VERB-Inf: chuvax, dwavie, vaala, vaxa, vohwvizha
- Bclass
Syntax
Auxiliary Verbs and Copula
- This corpus uses 2 lemmas as copulas (cop). Examples: du, xila.
- This corpus uses 2 lemmas as auxiliaries (aux). Examples: du, xila.
Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts
Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).
- nsubj
- VERB--NOUN-Abs (49)
- VERB--NOUN-Erg (10)
- VERB--PRON (19)
- VERB--PRON-Abs (19)
- VERB--PRON-Dat (1)
- VERB--PRON-Erg (34)
- VERB-Conv--NOUN-Abs (46)
- VERB-Conv--NOUN-Erg (5)
- VERB-Conv--PRON (12)
- VERB-Conv--PRON-Abs (14)
- VERB-Conv--PRON-Dat (2)
- VERB-Conv--PRON-Erg (12)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN-Abs (1)
- VERB-Part--NOUN-Abs (1)
- VERB-Vnoun--NOUN-Abs (2)
- VERB-Vnoun--NOUN-Erg (1)
- VERB-Vnoun--PRON (1)
- obj
- VERB--NOUN-Abs (122)
- VERB--PRON (12)
- VERB--PRON-Abl (1)
- VERB--PRON-Abs (12)
- VERB--PRON-All (1)
- VERB--PRON-Dat (1)
- VERB-Conv--NOUN-Abs (52)
- VERB-Conv--PRON (6)
- VERB-Conv--PRON-Abs (11)
- VERB-Conv--PRON-Gen (1)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN-Abs (7)
- VERB-Inf--PRON (3)
- VERB-Inf--PRON-Abs (2)
- VERB-Vnoun--NOUN-Abs (1)
- iobj
- VERB--NOUN-All (9)
- VERB--PRON-All (4)
- VERB--PRON-Dat (1)
- VERB-Conv--PRON-Dat (1)
- VERB-Conv--PRON-Gen (1)
Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects
- This corpus contains 18 lemmas that occur at least once with a reflexive core object (obj or iobj). Examples: dilla shaa, lied'ala shie, aala shiega, aala shiiga, aeqqada shaa, aeqqada shie, da shiina, dala shiina, daqqa shaa, daqqa shie, daxa shaa, die shaa, die shie, diexka shie, dilla hwaigara, dilla shie, douza shie, ieqquo shie
- Out of those, 1 lemmas occurred more than once, but never without a reflexive dependent. Examples: lied'ala
Relations Overview
- This corpus uses 5 relation subtypes: acl:relcl, advmod:emph, ccomp:reported, compound:redup, nmod:poss
- The following 1 main types are not used alone, they are always subtyped: compound
- The following 6 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: expl, clf, fixed, flat, list, goeswith