UD for Chechen 
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- Words are generally delimited by whitespace.
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Multiword tokens in Chechen are formed with clitics that attach phonologically to the following or preceding host word. The clitics are:
- The proclitic ma, which is used to negate imperatives and desideratives; otherwise it is used with emphatic functions
- The enclitic ’a, which has coordinating, additive, and emphatic functions
- The emphatic enclitic q
- Punctuation marks are attached to neighboring words. They are tokenized as separate tokens.
- There are no multiword tokens written with whitespace.
Morphology
Tags
- Chechen-MottDT uses 16 tags, with the exception of SYM.
- The tag PART is applied to the proclitic ma, the enclitic q, and the quotatives boox and baax
- The tag AUX is applied to two lexemes: du and xülu, which serves as an auxiliary in various temporal-aspectual constructions. Both lexemes also function as a copula in non-verbal predication. The lexeme du inflects for grammatical agreement. Both lexemes inflect for tense and have finite, participle, and free relative forms.
- The tag DET is applied to pronominal items used attributively. One exception is possessive pronouns, which are all tagged as PRON.
- Predicative uses of pronominal items are tagged as PRON.
Features
Nominal features
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Nouns, adjectives, determiners, and numerals up to ‘five’ inflect for Case and Number.
- Nouns and personal pronouns have extensive case paradigms:
Nom,Gen,Dat,Erg,Ins,Loc(nouns only),All,Abl,Ins,Lat, andCmp. - Attributive uses of adjectives and determiners make an absolutive / oblique distinction (the latter is annotated as
Accfollowing the UD convention).
- Nouns and personal pronouns have extensive case paradigms:
- There are two language-specific nominal features: Log and NounClass.
- Personal pronouns have a feature Log, applied to uses of third person reflexive forms in reported speech to refer to the reported speaker.
Verbal Features
- Verbs inflect for Tense, Aspect, Mood, and NounClass agreement.
- Verbs are annotated for VerbForm:
Conv,Inf,Part,Noun. - There is one language-specific verbal feature: ConvType.
- Auxiliaries inflect for Tense. The auxiliary du inflects for NounClass agreement.
- There are four NounClass values:
J-class,V-class,D-class, andB-class.
Syntax
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Chechen has ergative-absolutive case alignment, ergative is marked, while absolutive is unmarked. Ergative-marked arguments are semantic subjects of transitive verbs (A arguments). Absolutive arguments are semantic subjects of intransitive verbs (S arguments), semantic objects of transitive verbs (P arguments), and semantic subject of transitive verbs (A arguments) with certain temporal-aspectual forms (in the so-called bi-absolutive construction). Predicates agree with the absolutive argument; the case of the argument, the agreement pattern, and the valence of the predicate are used to distinguish between the subject and the object argument.
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The main copula construction in Chechen uses a form of the copula du.
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There two language-specific relations: advmod:emph and ccomp:reported.
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The subtype relations used are as follows:
Treebanks
There is one Chechen UD treebank: