UD for Paumari 
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters.
- Every sentence has a special line in the comment section named ‘text_seg’ that states morpheme boundaries within words. This layer is directly taken from the article on Paumari by Chapman and Derbyshire in the Handbook of Amazonian Languages (1991), Vol.3 .
Morphology
Tags
- CCONJ is not used. According to the glosses used in Chapman and Derbyshire (1991), conjunctions are not overtly expressed but rather inferred from context.
- Moreover, no word is tagged as PART, SYM or X.
- The remaining other 13 universal tags are used.
- All words tagged AUX are verbal and can be divided into two categories:
- The standard auxiliaries hi and ni which both can be translated as ‘be’ - see Chapman and Derbyshire (1991, chpt. 18.8) for more detailed information.
- The copula mani, which can also be translated as ‘be’.
- Whenever in the handbook article by Chapman and Derbyshire (1991) there is the gloss ‘DEM’ (short for ‘demonstrative’) and there is a corresponding noun within the same clause, the tag DET is used. If a corresponding noun as the head of a clause is missing, the tag PRON is used.
- As far as apparent, there is no deverbal form of ADJ.
- There are occurrences of deverbal ADV such as in:
- baranahi (e.g. HB_1.36) where the suffix hi is used to turn the verb stem barana (calling) into an adverb. The same is true for ki’darahihia (e.g. HB_1.37) where the verb ki’daraha (run) is adverbialised via the same suffix.
- afosiaga (e.g. HB_3.53) where the adverbialiser prefix afo prepends the verbal suffix siaga (follow).
- The information on deriving adverbs from other word forms is taken from chapter 20 in Chapman and Derbyshire (1991).
- baranahi (e.g. HB_1.36) where the suffix hi is used to turn the verb stem barana (calling) into an adverb. The same is true for ki’darahihia (e.g. HB_1.37) where the verb ki’daraha (run) is adverbialised via the same suffix.
- afosiaga (e.g. HB_3.53) where the adverbialiser prefix afo prepends the verbal suffix siaga (follow).
- Deverbal forms of a NOUN are commonly built with the suffix ha (action) such as in:
- ikapahahamaniki’i (HB_3.55) where the noun paha (water) is turned into a verb and translated as ‘fetch water’ (another example with the same pattern can be found in sentence HB_3.56). Similary, vaakairaha’aha (HB_1.4), including the noun kaira (guava), means ‘fetch guava’.
- o-ka-va-pavakari-ha-vini (HB_4.61) where the noun pavakari (an article that is on sale) is verbalised and translated as ‘buy’.
- vakanahahaniha’aha (HB_4.63) where the noun hahani (laugh) is used as a verb meaning ‘(to) laugh’.
Features
- At its current state, this treebank does not have any annotation of morphological features other than indicated via the information provided in the lines ‘text_seg’ and ‘hb_glosses’ in the comment section of each conllu representation.
Syntax
- Core arguments, such as subjects and objects, were mainly identified via the provided glosses from Chapman and Derbyshire (1991).
- Paumari is a pro-drop language, thus, there are many sentenecs without an overtly expressed subject.
- The following subtypes are used in Paumari:
- acl:relcl for a relative clause modifier of a nominal
- advmod:emph for the particle ‘vani’ that expresses a contrast
- advmod:lmod for an adverbial modifier specifying a location
- aux:pass for the auxiliary in passive constructions
- nmod:poss for a possessive nominal modifier
- nsubj:pass for a passive nominal subject
- obl:agent for the agent of a passive verb
Treebanks
There is one Paumari UD treebanks: