AUX
: auxiliary verb
Definition
The only truly auxiliary verb in Russian is быть “to be”. It accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.
Examples
-
Future tense. Finite future form of быть is combined with infinitive of the lexical verb. The auxiliary expresses person, number and tense: буду делать “I will do”, будешь делать “you will do”, будут делать “they will do”. Note that a limited set of verbs can form future morphologically, without the auxiliary.
-
Conditional mood. Conditional form (historically aorist) of být is combined with past participle of the lexical verb. The auxiliary expresses person and number, the participle expresses gender and number: сделал бы “I would do.
Masc
”, сделала бы “I would do.Fem
”, сделали бы “we would do.Masc
”. -
Passive voice. A form of быть (in various tenses and moods or in the infinitive) is combined with passive participle of the lexical verb. The auxiliary expresses person, number, tense(past and future) and mood, the participle expresses gender, number and voice: будет сделан “he will be done”, был сделан “he was done”, был бы сделан “he would be done”,
Modal verbs are not auxiliaries
Russian modal verbs are not considered auxiliary and they are tagged VERB
.
Their behavior is only slightly different from other content verbs.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
There are 6 AUX
lemmas (0%), 15 AUX
types (0%) and 620 AUX
tokens (1%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of AUX
is: 15 in number of lemmas, 15 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent AUX
lemmas: БЫТЬ, BE, DON, EST, HAS, RE
The 10 most frequent AUX
types: был, была, было, были, быть, будет, будут, будучи, Be, Don
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: БЫТЬ (AUX 615, VERB 305)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: был (AUX 227, VERB 86), была (AUX 101, VERB 40), было (AUX 101, VERB 56), были (AUX 96, VERB 50), быть (AUX 30, VERB 16), будет (AUX 22, VERB 10), будучи (AUX 8, VERB 1), бывшего (ADJ 3, AUX 1), бывшим (ADJ 1, AUX 1)
- был
- была
- было
- были
- быть
- будет
- будучи
- бывшего
- ADJ 3: Современное число колоний этого вида на территории бывшего СССР не превышает 20 .
- AUX 1: В середине июня 1815 года великая княгиня Екатерина Павловна ( сестра Александра I ) представила Леопольда принцессе Шарлотте , дочери принца Уэльского , старшего сына короля Георга III , бывшего регентом при душевнобольном отце .
- бывшим
- ADJ 1: Команда была основана в 2004 году под названием Saunier Duval - Prodir бывшим велогонщиком Витторио Алджире , Saunier Duval занималась производством вентилирующего и отопительного оборудования .
- AUX 1: Занимаясь ремонтным бизнесом , Баккен познакомился с Уолтоном Лиллехеем , бывшим одним из первых кардиохирургов и тогда работавшего на медицинском факультете Миннесотского университета .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of AUX
is 2.500000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.591757).
The 1st highest number of forms (10) was observed with the lemma “БЫТЬ”: будет, будут, будучи, бывшего, бывшим, был, была, были, было, быть.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “BE”: Be.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “DON”: Don.
AUX
occurs with 10 features: ru-feat/VerbForm (620; 100% instances), ru-feat/Aspect (619; 100% instances), ru-feat/Number (579; 93% instances), ru-feat/Tense (579; 93% instances), ru-feat/Mood (577; 93% instances), ru-feat/Gender (444; 72% instances), ru-feat/Person (36; 6% instances), ru-feat/Animacy (2; 0% instances), ru-feat/Case (2; 0% instances), ru-feat/Voice (2; 0% instances)
AUX
occurs with 20 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim
, Aspect=Imp
, Case=Gen
, Case=Ins
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Gender=Neut
, Mood=Ind
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Person=1
, Person=3
, Tense=Fut
, Tense=Past
, Tense=Pres
, VerbForm=Fin
, VerbForm=Inf
, VerbForm=Part
, VerbForm=Trans
, Voice=Act
AUX
occurs with 13 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
(232 tokens).
Examples: был
Relations
AUX
nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: ru-dep/auxpass (535; 86% instances), ru-dep/aux (62; 10% instances), ru-dep/cop (23; 4% instances)
Parents of AUX
nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: VERB (567; 91% instances), ADJ (36; 6% instances), NOUN (16; 3% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)
610 (98%) AUX
nodes are leaves.
9 (1%) AUX
nodes have one child.
1 (0%) AUX
nodes have two children.
The highest child degree of a AUX
node is 2.
Children of AUX
nodes are attached using 5 different relations: ru-dep/neg (6; 55% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (2; 18% instances), ru-dep/discourse (1; 9% instances), ru-dep/dobj (1; 9% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (1; 9% instances)
Children of AUX
nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: PART (7; 64% instances), ADV (1; 9% instances), NOUN (1; 9% instances), PUNCT (1; 9% instances), VERB (1; 9% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
There are 1 AUX
lemmas (0%), 19 AUX
types (0%) and 8016 AUX
tokens (1%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX
is: 17 in number of lemmas, 15 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent AUX
lemmas: быть
The 10 most frequent AUX
types: было, был, были, будет, была, быть, будут, есть, будем, буду
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: быть (AUX 8016, VERB 2291)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: было (AUX 1615, VERB 480, PART 24), был (AUX 1498, VERB 128), были (AUX 1119, VERB 107, NOUN 3), будет (AUX 1061, VERB 194), была (AUX 907, VERB 88), быть (AUX 707, VERB 350), будут (AUX 544, VERB 13), есть (VERB 694, AUX 195, INTJ 1), будем (AUX 92, VERB 1), будучи (AUX 36, VERB 1)
- было
- был
- были
- будет
- была
- быть
- будут
- есть
- будем
- будучи
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of AUX
is 19.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.665758).
The 1st highest number of forms (19) was observed with the lemma “быть”: будем, будет, будете, будешь, буду, будут, будучи, будь, будьте, бывшем, бывшие, бывший, был, была, были, было, быть, есть, суть.
AUX
occurs with 9 features: ru-feat/Aspect (8016; 100% instances), ru-feat/VerbForm (8016; 100% instances), ru-feat/Voice (7306; 91% instances), ru-feat/Tense (7280; 91% instances), ru-feat/Number (7261; 91% instances), ru-feat/Mood (7256; 91% instances), ru-feat/Gender (4089; 51% instances), ru-feat/Person (2037; 25% instances), ru-feat/Case (5; 0% instances)
AUX
occurs with 20 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Imp
, Case=Loc
, Case=Nom
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Gender=Neut
, Mood=Imp
, Mood=Ind
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Person=1
, Person=2
, Person=3
, Tense=Past
, Tense=Pres
, VerbForm=Fin
, VerbForm=Inf
, VerbForm=Part
, VerbForm=Trans
, Voice=Act
AUX
occurs with 17 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act
(1659 tokens).
Examples: было
Relations
AUX
nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: ru-dep/cop (4468; 56% instances), ru-dep/auxpass (2646; 33% instances), ru-dep/aux (902; 11% instances)
Parents of AUX
nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (3571; 45% instances), ADJ (2238; 28% instances), NOUN (1534; 19% instances), ADV (504; 6% instances), PRON (77; 1% instances), PROPN (75; 1% instances), SCONJ (10; 0% instances), SYM (5; 0% instances), PART (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
7848 (98%) AUX
nodes are leaves.
156 (2%) AUX
nodes have one child.
8 (0%) AUX
nodes have two children.
4 (0%) AUX
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a AUX
node is 4.
Children of AUX
nodes are attached using 1 different relations: ru-dep/punct (185; 100% instances)
Children of AUX
nodes belong to 1 different parts of speech: PUNCT (185; 100% instances)
AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]