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AUX: auxiliary verb

Definition

The only truly auxiliary verb in Russian is быть “to be”. It accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.

Examples

Russian modal verbs are not considered auxiliary and they are tagged VERB. Their behavior is only slightly different from other content verbs.


Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)

There are 6 AUX lemmas (0%), 15 AUX types (0%) and 620 AUX tokens (1%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 15 in number of lemmas, 15 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: БЫТЬ, BE, DON, EST, HAS, RE

The 10 most frequent AUX types: был, была, было, были, быть, будет, будут, будучи, Be, Don

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: БЫТЬ (AUX 615, VERB 305)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: был (AUX 227, VERB 86), была (AUX 101, VERB 40), было (AUX 101, VERB 56), были (AUX 96, VERB 50), быть (AUX 30, VERB 16), будет (AUX 22, VERB 10), будучи (AUX 8, VERB 1), бывшего (ADJ 3, AUX 1), бывшим (ADJ 1, AUX 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 2.500000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.591757).

The 1st highest number of forms (10) was observed with the lemma “БЫТЬ”: будет, будут, будучи, бывшего, бывшим, был, была, были, было, быть.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “BE”: Be.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “DON”: Don.

AUX occurs with 10 features: ru-feat/VerbForm (620; 100% instances), ru-feat/Aspect (619; 100% instances), ru-feat/Number (579; 93% instances), ru-feat/Tense (579; 93% instances), ru-feat/Mood (577; 93% instances), ru-feat/Gender (444; 72% instances), ru-feat/Person (36; 6% instances), ru-feat/Animacy (2; 0% instances), ru-feat/Case (2; 0% instances), ru-feat/Voice (2; 0% instances)

AUX occurs with 20 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim, Aspect=Imp, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Ind, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Trans, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 13 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin (232 tokens). Examples: был

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: ru-dep/auxpass (535; 86% instances), ru-dep/aux (62; 10% instances), ru-dep/cop (23; 4% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: VERB (567; 91% instances), ADJ (36; 6% instances), NOUN (16; 3% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

610 (98%) AUX nodes are leaves.

9 (1%) AUX nodes have one child.

1 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 2.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 5 different relations: ru-dep/neg (6; 55% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (2; 18% instances), ru-dep/discourse (1; 9% instances), ru-dep/dobj (1; 9% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (1; 9% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: PART (7; 64% instances), ADV (1; 9% instances), NOUN (1; 9% instances), PUNCT (1; 9% instances), VERB (1; 9% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)

There are 1 AUX lemmas (0%), 19 AUX types (0%) and 8016 AUX tokens (1%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 17 in number of lemmas, 15 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: быть

The 10 most frequent AUX types: было, был, были, будет, была, быть, будут, есть, будем, буду

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: быть (AUX 8016, VERB 2291)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: было (AUX 1615, VERB 480, PART 24), был (AUX 1498, VERB 128), были (AUX 1119, VERB 107, NOUN 3), будет (AUX 1061, VERB 194), была (AUX 907, VERB 88), быть (AUX 707, VERB 350), будут (AUX 544, VERB 13), есть (VERB 694, AUX 195, INTJ 1), будем (AUX 92, VERB 1), будучи (AUX 36, VERB 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 19.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.665758).

The 1st highest number of forms (19) was observed with the lemma “быть”: будем, будет, будете, будешь, буду, будут, будучи, будь, будьте, бывшем, бывшие, бывший, был, была, были, было, быть, есть, суть.

AUX occurs with 9 features: ru-feat/Aspect (8016; 100% instances), ru-feat/VerbForm (8016; 100% instances), ru-feat/Voice (7306; 91% instances), ru-feat/Tense (7280; 91% instances), ru-feat/Number (7261; 91% instances), ru-feat/Mood (7256; 91% instances), ru-feat/Gender (4089; 51% instances), ru-feat/Person (2037; 25% instances), ru-feat/Case (5; 0% instances)

AUX occurs with 20 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Imp, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Trans, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 17 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act (1659 tokens). Examples: было

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: ru-dep/cop (4468; 56% instances), ru-dep/auxpass (2646; 33% instances), ru-dep/aux (902; 11% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (3571; 45% instances), ADJ (2238; 28% instances), NOUN (1534; 19% instances), ADV (504; 6% instances), PRON (77; 1% instances), PROPN (75; 1% instances), SCONJ (10; 0% instances), SYM (5; 0% instances), PART (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

7848 (98%) AUX nodes are leaves.

156 (2%) AUX nodes have one child.

8 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

4 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 4.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 1 different relations: ru-dep/punct (185; 100% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 1 different parts of speech: PUNCT (185; 100% instances)


AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]