foreign: foreign words
There are a handful of instances of intra-sentential Irish/English code-mixing in the treebank. Where possible we analyse the sentential structure using the appropriate labels for the English words. We only use the foreign relation
when we want to explicitly mark the English words as foreign, e.g. the title of an English film in quotation marks, an example of an Irish-English dictionary entry within a sentence, or an Irish-English sign (see example below). When the foreign label is used, the sequence of words is given a linear analysis with the first word as the head.
Example
ar oscailt / open : Bealtaine - Meán Fómhair / May - September `open / open : May - September / May - September ‘
ar oscailt / open : Bealtaine - Meán Fómhair / May - September \n open / open : May - September / May - September
foreign(oscailt,open)
foreign(Bealtaine,May)
foreign(May,September)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
This relation is universal.
19 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as foreign.
19 instances of foreign (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.78947368421053.
The following 6 pairs of parts of speech are connected with foreign: ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/X (9; 47% instances), ga-pos/X-ga-pos/X (5; 26% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/X (2; 11% instances), ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/ADJ (1; 5% instances), ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 5% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/X (1; 5% instances).
# visual-style 67 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 66 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 66 fgColor:white
# visual-style 66 67 foreign color:blue
1 Céimeanna céim NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
2 comparáide comparáid NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 compound _ _
3 - - PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
4 Aidiachtaí aidiacht NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 1 compound _ _
5 a a PART Vb PartType=Vb|PronType=Rel 6 nsubj _ _
6 chríochnaíonn críochnaigh VERB VTI Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres 4 acl:relcl _ _
7 ar ar ADP Simp _ 8 case _ _
8 chonsan consan NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
9 leathan leathan ADJ Adj Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _
10 mall mall ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
11 slow slow X Foreign _ 10 foreign _ _
12 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 13 mark:prt _ _
13 moille moille ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 10 amod _ _
14 is is PART Sup _ 15 mark:prt _ _
15 moille moille ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 10 amod _ _
16 leathan leathan ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
17 broad broad X Foreign _ 16 foreign _ _
18 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 19 mark:prt _ _
19 leithne leathan ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 16 amod _ _
20 is is PART Sup _ 21 mark:prt _ _
21 leithne leathan ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 16 amod _ _
22 caol caol ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
23 narrow narrow X Foreign _ 22 foreign _ _
24 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 25 mark:prt _ _
25 caoile caol ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 22 amod _ _
26 is is PART Sup _ 27 mark:prt _ _
27 caoile caol ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 22 amod _ _
28 daor daor ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
29 dear dear X Foreign _ 28 foreign _ _
30 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 31 mark:prt _ _
31 daoire daor ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 28 amod _ _
32 is is PART Sup _ 33 mark:prt _ _
33 daoire daor ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 28 amod _ _
34 saor saor ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
35 cheap ceap NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 foreign _ _
36 , , PUNCT Punct _ 37 punct _ _
37 free free X Foreign _ 34 foreign _ _
38 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 39 mark:prt _ _
39 saoire saor ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 34 amod _ _
40 is is PART Sup _ 41 mark:prt _ _
41 saoire saor ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 34 amod _ _
42 mear mear ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
43 swift swift X Foreign _ 42 foreign _ _
44 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 45 mark:prt _ _
45 mire mear ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 42 amod _ _
46 is is PART Sup _ 47 mark:prt _ _
47 mire mear ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 45 amod _ _
48 fuar fuar ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
49 cold cold X Foreign _ 48 foreign _ _
50 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 51 mark:prt _ _
51 fuaire fuar ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 49 amod _ _
52 is is PART Sup _ 53 mark:prt _ _
53 fuaire fuar ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 49 amod _ _
54 bán bán ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 53 amod _ _
55 white whi ADJ Adj VerbForm=Part 54 foreign _ _
56 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 57 mark:prt _ _
57 báine bán ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 54 amod _ _
58 is is PART Sup _ 59 mark:prt _ _
59 báine bán ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 54 amod _ _
60 ceolmhar ceolmhar ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
61 musical musical X Foreign _ 60 foreign _ _
62 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 63 mark:prt _ _
63 ceolmhaire ceolmhar ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 60 amod _ _
64 is is PART Sup _ 65 mark:prt _ _
65 ceolmhaire ceolmhar ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 60 amod _ _
66 ciallmhar ciallmhar ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _
67 sensible sensible X Foreign _ 66 foreign _ _
68 níos níos NOUN Subst Number=Sing|PartType=Comp 69 mark:prt _ _
69 ciallmhaire ciallmhar ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 66 amod _ _
70 is is PART Sup _ 71 mark:prt _ _
71 ciallmhaire ciallmhar ADJ Adj Degree=Cmp,Sup 66 amod _ _
72 Más má SCONJ Subord VerbForm=Cop 73 mark _ _
73 aidiacht aidiacht NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 xcomp:pred _ _
74 leathan leathan ADJ Adj Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 73 amod _ _
75 í í PRON Pers Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3 73 nsubj _ _
76 déan déan VERB VTI Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2 73 advcl _ _
77 caol caol ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 76 amod _ _
78 í í PRON Pers Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3 76 dobj _ _
79 agus agus CONJ Coord _ 76 cc _ _
80 cuir cuir VERB VTI Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2 76 conj _ _
81 -e -e X Foreign _ 80 foreign _ _
82 leis le ADP Prep Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 80 nmod:prep _ _
83 sna i ADP Art Number=Plur|PronType=Art 84 case _ _
84 foirmeacha foirm NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 80 nmod _ _
85 comparáide comparáid NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 84 compound _ _
86 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
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# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 8 foreign color:blue
1 An an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 teideal teideal NOUN Noun Case=Com|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
3 atá bí VERB PresInd Mood=Ind|PronType=Rel|Tense=Pres 2 acl:relcl _ _
4 air ar ADP Prep Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 nmod:prep _ _
5 ná ná CONJ Coord _ 7 mark _ _
6 ' ' PUNCT Punct _ 7 punct _ _
7 Kill Kill X Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 ccomp _ _
8 me me X Foreign _ 7 foreign _ _
9 , , PUNCT Punct _ 7 punct _ _
10 I I X Foreign _ 7 foreign _ _
11 Love Love X Foreign _ 7 foreign _ _
12 You You X Foreign _ 7 foreign _ _
13 ! ! PUNCT ! _ 2 punct _ _
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# visual-style 45 fgColor:white
# visual-style 42 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 42 fgColor:white
# visual-style 42 45 foreign color:blue
1 Laistigh laistigh ADV Loc _ 3 case _ _
2 de de ADP Simp _ 3 case _ _
3 bhalla balla NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 nmod _ _
4 cois cois ADP Simp _ 5 case _ _
5 bóthair bóthar NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
6 ar ar ADP Simp _ 7 case _ _
7 fhearann fearann NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
8 na na DET Art Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
9 heaglaise eaglais NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 compound _ _
10 a a PART Vb PartType=Vb|PronType=Rel 11 nmod _ _
11 raibh bí VERB PastInd Form=Ecl|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past 9 acl:relcl _ _
12 athair athair NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ _
13 Dhúbhglais Dhúbhglais PROPN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 compound _ _
14 de de ADP Simp _ 13 name _ _
15 h-Íde Íde PROPN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 name _ _
16 ina i ADP Poss Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes 17 case _ _
17 mhinistéir mhinistéir NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 xcomp:pred _ _
18 inti i ADP Prep Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3 17 nmod:prep _ _
19 ar ar ADP Simp _ 21 case _ _
20 an an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 21 det _ _
21 Phortach portach NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nmod _ _
22 Ard ard ADJ Adj Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 amod _ _
23 tá bí VERB PresInd Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres 0 root _ _
24 fógra fógra NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ _
25 anois anois ADV Gn _ 23 advmod _ _
26 : : PUNCT Punct _ 28 punct _ _
27 ' ' PUNCT Punct _ 28 punct _ _
28 Ceiliúrlann ceiliúrl VERB PresInd Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres 23 parataxis _ _
29 an an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 30 det _ _
30 Chraoibhín craobh NOUN Noun Case=Com|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ _
31 / / PUNCT Punct _ 32 punct _ _
32 Dr Dr X Abr _ 34 compound _ _
33 Douglas Douglas PROPN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 compound _ _
34 Hyde Hyde PROPN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 nmod _ _
35 Centre Centre PROPN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 compound _ _
36 ar ar ADP Simp _ 37 case _ _
37 oscailt oscailt NOUN Noun VerbForm=Inf 28 xcomp _ _
38 / / PUNCT Punct _ 40 punct _ _
39 open open X Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 37 foreign _ _
40 Bealtaine Bealtaine NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 37 nmod _ _
41 - - PUNCT Punct _ 42 punct _ _
42 Meán meán NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 40 nmod _ _
43 Fómhair fómhar NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 42 compound _ _
44 / / PUNCT Punct _ 45 punct _ _
45 May May X Foreign _ 42 foreign _ _
46 - - PUNCT Punct _ 47 punct _ _
47 September September X Foreign _ 45 foreign _ _
48 ... ... PUNCT Punct _ 50 punct _ _
49 ' ' PUNCT Punct _ 50 punct _ _
50 Tá bí VERB PresInd Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres 23 ccomp _ _
51 an an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 52 det _ _
52 t-údar údar NOUN Noun Case=Com|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 50 nsubj _ _
53 agus agus CONJ Coord _ 52 cc _ _
54 An an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 55 det _ _
55 Gúm gúm NOUN Noun Case=Com|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 52 conj _ _
56 le le ADP Simp _ 57 case _ _
57 moladh moladh NOUN Noun VerbForm=Inf 50 xcomp:pred _ _
58 as as ADP Simp _ 65 case _ _
59 tabhairt tabhairt NOUN Noun VerbForm=Inf 65 dobj _ _
60 faoina faoi ADP Poss Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes 61 case _ _
61 leithéid leithéid NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 59 nmod _ _
62 d' de ADP Simp _ 63 case _ _
63 áis áis NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 59 nmod _ _
64 a a PART Inf PartType=Inf 65 mark _ _
65 chur cur NOUN Noun Form=Len|VerbForm=Inf 50 xcomp _ _
66 ar ar ADP Simp _ 67 case _ _
67 fáil fáil NOUN Noun VerbForm=Inf 65 xcomp _ _
68 - - PUNCT Punct _ 69 punct _ _
69 thiocfadh tar VERB VI Form=Len|Mood=Cnd 50 parataxis _ _
70 gurbh is VERB Cop Form=VF|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Cop 71 cop _ _
71 é é PRON Pers Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 69 ccomp _ _
72 seo seo DET Det PronType=Dem 71 det _ _
73 an an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 75 det _ _
74 chéad céad NUM Num Form=Len|NumType=Ord 75 nummod _ _
75 chéim céim NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 71 nsubj _ _
76 i i ADP Simp _ 77 case _ _
77 dtreo treo NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Ecl|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 75 nmod _ _
78 ciclipéid ciclipéid NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 77 compound _ _
79 eolaíochta eolaíocht NOUN Noun Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 78 compound _ _
80 as as ADP Simp _ 81 case _ _
81 Gaeilge Gaeilge PROPN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 78 nmod _ _
foreign in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]