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aux: auxiliary

The aux relation occurs between a verb and and auxiliary. In general, Basque verbs encode only aspect, while temporal and agreement features show up in the auxiliary, as well as transitivity.

There are mainly two auxiliary lemmas izan (to be) corresponding to intransitives and ukan (to have) corresponding to transitives.

Even if Basque word order is quite free, the auxiliary can only appear right after the verb in non-negative sentences, and right after the negation in negative sentences.

Bi zati hauek markaturik dauden tokietatik tolesten dira .

These two parts fold by the places that are marked .

Bi zati hauek markaturik dauden tokietatik tolesten dira .\n Two parts these marked are_that sites_the_by fold .

det(zati-2, Bi-1)
nsubj(tolesten-7, zati-2)
det(zati-2, hauek-3)
acl(tokietatik-6, markaturik-4)
cop(markaturik-4, dauden-5)
nmod(tolesten-7, tokietatik-6)
aux(tolesten-7, dira-8)
punct(tolesten-7, .-9)

Eztabaida handia sortu du aldaketak .

The change has caused a huge discussion .

Eztabaida handia sortu du aldaketak .\n Discussion huge_a caused has change_the .  

amod(Eztabaida-1, handia-2)
nobj(sortu-3, Eztabaida-1)
aux(sortu-3, du-4)
nsubj(sortu-3, aldaketak-5)
punct(sortu-3, .-6)

Treebank Statistics (UD_Basque)

This relation is universal.

10377 nodes (9%) are attached to their parents as aux.

9489 instances of aux (91%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 1.15042883299605.

The following 14 pairs of parts of speech are connected with aux: eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/AUX (9961; 96% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/VERB (346; 3% instances), eu-pos/NOUN-eu-pos/AUX (27; 0% instances), eu-pos/NOUN-eu-pos/VERB (14; 0% instances), eu-pos/ADJ-eu-pos/VERB (8; 0% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/CONJ (5; 0% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/X (5; 0% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), eu-pos/ADJ-eu-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), eu-pos/ADJ-eu-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/CONJ-eu-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/DET-eu-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/NOUN-eu-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/PRON-eu-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 9 aux	color:blue
1	Atenasen	Atenas	PROPN	_	Case=Ine|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
2	ordea	ordea	CONJ	_	_	8	advmod	_	_
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	8	punct	_	_
4	beste	beste	DET	_	_	6	det	_	_
5	bost	bost	NUM	_	_	6	nummod	_	_
6	jarduera	jarduera	NOUN	_	Case=Abs|Definite=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
7	gehiago	gehiago	DET	_	Case=Abs|Definite=Ind	6	det	_	_
8	izan	izan	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	daitezke	*edin	AUX	_	Mood=Pot|Number[abs]=Plur|Person[abs]=3	8	aux	_	_
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	8	punct	_	_

# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 4 aux	color:blue
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	_	3	punct	_	_
2	Ruandan	Ruanda	PROPN	_	Case=Ine|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
3	hil	hil	VERB	_	VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	egingo	egin	VERB	_	Aspect=Pro|VerbForm=Part	3	aux	_	_
5	gaituzte	*edun	AUX	_	Mood=Ind|Number[abs]=Plur|Number[erg]=Plur|Person[abs]=1|Person[erg]=3	3	aux	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	3	punct	_	_
7	abereak	abere	NOUN	_	Animacy=Anim|Case=Abs|Definite=Def|Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	bagina	izan	VERB	_	Aspect=Prog|Mood=Cnd|Number[abs]=Plur|Person[abs]=1	3	advcl	_	_
9	bezala	bezala	ADV	_	_	8	mark	_	_
10	"	"	PUNCT	_	_	3	punct	_	_
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	3	punct	_	_

# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 2 aux	color:blue
1	Uste	uste	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Abs|Definite=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	dut	*edun	AUX	_	Mood=Ind|Number[abs]=Sing|Number[erg]=Sing|Person[abs]=3|Person[erg]=1	1	aux	_	_
3	errespetua	errespetu	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Abs|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	6	dobj	_	_
4	gaur	gaur	ADV	_	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	guk	gu	PRON	_	PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	irabazi	irabazi	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part	1	ccomp	_	_
7	dugula	*edun	AUX	_	Mood=Ind|Number[abs]=Sing|Number[erg]=Plur|Person[abs]=3|Person[erg]=1	6	aux	_	_
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	1	punct	_	_


aux in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]