case: case marking
In Japanese, case markers are particles attaching to a noun phrase. The particles are tagged as “ADP” in UD Japanese.
Typical case markers are as follows:
- が / ga for nominative
- を / o for accusative
- に / ni for dative, locative etc.
- の / no for genitive
- へ / e for locative etc.
太郎 が 東京 へ 行く 。\n Taro NOM Tokyo TO go .
case(太郎, が)
case(東京, へ)
nsubj(行く, 太郎)
nmod(行く, 東京)
太郎 の 家 \n Taro OF house
case(太郎, の)
nmod(家, 太郎)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Japanese-KTC)
This relation is universal.
55787 nodes (21%) are attached to their parents as case.
55581 instances of case (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.48507716851596.
The following 26 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/ADP (47919; 86% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/ADP (2413; 4% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/ADP (2133; 4% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/PART (1328; 2% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/ADP (856; 2% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/ADP (249; 0% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/PART (220; 0% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/PART (157; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/NOUN (155; 0% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/ADP (89; 0% instances), ja-pos/CONJ-ja-pos/ADP (86; 0% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/PART (69; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/ADP (35; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/PART (20; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/PRON (11; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/NOUN (9; 0% instances), ja-pos/CONJ-ja-pos/PART (8; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/PROPN (8; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), ja-pos/INTJ-ja-pos/ADP (4; 0% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/PART (3; 0% instances), ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 case color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 2 compound _ Offset=0-3
2 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 6 nsubj _ Offset=3-4
3 _ _ ADP ADP _ 2 case _ Offset=4-5
4 _ _ ADJ ADJ _ 6 iobj _ Offset=5-8
5 _ だ AUX AUX _ 4 aux _ Offset=8-9
6 _ 為る VERB VERB _ 0 root _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ AUX AUX _ 6 aux _ Offset=10-11
8 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 6 punct _ Offset=11-12
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 9 case color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 31 nmod _ Offset=0-4
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=4-5
3 _ 因る VERB VERB _ 2 mwe _ Offset=5-7
4 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 2 mwe _ Offset=7-8
5 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 1 punct _ Offset=8-9
6 _ _ NUM NUM _ 7 nummod _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=10-11
8 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=11-15
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=15-16
10 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 11 compound _ Offset=16-18
11 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 dobj _ Offset=18-20
12 _ _ ADP ADP _ 11 case _ Offset=20-21
13 _ _ VERB VERB _ 18 acl _ Offset=21-23
14 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=23-24
15 _ _ AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=24-25
16 _ グラチョフ-外国 PROPN PROPN _ 18 compound _ Offset=25-30
17 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 compound _ Offset=30-32
18 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 nsubj _ Offset=32-33
19 _ _ ADP ADP _ 18 case _ Offset=33-34
20 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 21 compound _ Offset=34-38
21 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 23 dobj _ Offset=38-40
22 _ _ ADP ADP _ 21 case _ Offset=40-41
23 _ _ VERB VERB _ 28 advcl _ Offset=41-43
24 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 23 aux _ Offset=43-44
25 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 23 punct _ Offset=44-45
26 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 iobj _ Offset=45-47
27 _ _ ADP ADP _ 26 case _ Offset=47-48
28 _ 留まる VERB VERB _ 31 acl _ Offset=48-52
29 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 28 mark _ Offset=52-53
30 _ 居る AUX AUX _ 28 aux _ Offset=53-55
31 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 0 root _ Offset=55-57
32 _ _ AUX AUX _ 31 cop _ Offset=57-58
33 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 31 punct _ Offset=58-59
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 11 case color:blue
1 _ _ NUM NUM _ 2 nummod _ Offset=0-1
2 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 nsubj _ Offset=1-2
3 _ _ ADP ADP _ 2 case _ Offset=2-3
4 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 dobj _ Offset=3-5
5 _ _ ADP ADP _ 4 case _ Offset=5-6
6 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 7 compound _ Offset=6-8
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 dep _ Offset=8-10
8 _ 為る VERB VERB _ 12 iobj _ Offset=10-11
9 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 8 mark _ Offset=11-12
10 _ 居る AUX AUX _ 8 aux _ Offset=12-14
11 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=14-15
12 _ 言う VERB VERB _ 0 root _ Offset=15-17
13 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 12 punct _ Offset=17-18
case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]