case: case marking
The case relation is used for most prepositions in Irish. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.
See nmod:pred for labelling of prepositional pronouns, and xcomp:pred for prepositional predicates.
Prepositions have many functions in Irish.
Examples
adjuncts
PPs can precede or follow the verb they modify, or follow the noun they modify.
(i) Sa bhliain sin, bhuaigh siad an Chorn `In that year, they won the Cup’
(ii) Bhuaigh siad an Chorn sa bhliain sin `They won the Cup in that year’
(iii) An teach sa chathair `The house in the city’
progressive aspectuals
The preposition ag is used with verbal nouns to form progressive aspectual phrases in Irish.
Tá sí ag rith ‘She is running’
Tá sí ag rith \n Is she at running
nmod(Tá, rith)
nsubj(Tá, sí)
case(rith, ag)
ownership/ state
Prepositions are also used in phrasal constructions to denote ownership or a state of being.
Tá airgead ag na daoine ‘The people have money’ (lit. Money is at the people)
Tá airgead ag na daoine \n Is pen at the people
nmod(Tá, daoine)
case(daoine, ag)
Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir `The visitor is sorry’ (lit. sorrow is on the visitor)
Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir \n Is sorrow on the visitor
nmod(Tá, gcuairteoir)
case(gcuairteoir, ar)
obliques
Oblique arguments are also labelled case.
Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna Fáil ‘The people of Cork are very unhappy with Fianna Fáil’
Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna_Fáil \n Be people Cork very_unhappy with Fianna_Fáil
nsubj(Tá, muintir)
compound(muintir, Chorcaí)
xcomp:pred(Tá, an-mhíshásta)
nmod(Tá, Fianna_Fáil)
case(Fianna_Fáil, le)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
This relation is universal.
There are 1 language-specific subtypes of case: case:voc.
2923 nodes (12%) are attached to their parents as case.
2916 instances of case (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.32671912418748.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADP (2577; 88% instances), ga-pos/PROPN-ga-pos/ADP (186; 6% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/ADP (40; 1% instances), ga-pos/X-ga-pos/ADP (26; 1% instances), ga-pos/NUM-ga-pos/ADP (24; 1% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/ADP (22; 1% instances), ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/ADP (10; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/PART (7; 0% instances), ga-pos/ADP-ga-pos/ADP (6; 0% instances), ga-pos/CONJ-ga-pos/ADP (4; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/X (3; 0% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/PART (3; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/ADV-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/DET-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PART-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/X (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/PUNCT-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/SCONJ-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances).
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1 Tabharfadsa tabharfads NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
2 náire náire NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 dobj _ _
3 fén faoi ADP Art Number=Sing|PronType=Art 4 case _ _
4 bpoll poll NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Ecl|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
5 dóibh do ADP Prep Number=Plur|Person=3 1 nmod:prep _ _
6 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Bhí bí VERB VI Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past 0 root _ _
2 an an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
3 geata geata NOUN Noun Case=Com|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
4 dúnta dúnta ADJ Adj VerbForm=Part 1 xcomp:pred _ _
5 ag ag ADP Simp _ 6 case _ _
6 Seán Seán PROPN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
7 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Millfidh mill VERB VTI Mood=Ind|Tense=Fut 0 root _ _
2 tú tú PRON Pers Number=Sing|Person=2 1 nsubj _ _
3 agus agus CONJ Coord _ 1 cc _ _
4 scriosfaidh scrios VERB VTI Mood=Ind|Tense=Fut 1 conj _ _
5 tú tú PRON Pers Number=Sing|Person=2 4 nsubj _ _
6 an an DET Art Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 aiste aiste NOUN Subst Number=Sing 1 dobj _ _
8 le le ADP Simp _ 9 case _ _
9 botúin botún NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _
10 mar mar ADP Simp _ 11 case _ _
11 sin sin PRON Dem PronType=Dem 9 nmod _ _
12 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]