PART

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`PART`: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Czech particles are not inflected.

Note that response words such as ano, jo “yes”, ne “no”, etc. are considered particles in the PDT tagset but they should be retagged as interjections under the UD standard. Also note that ne can be used in two ways, one would be translated as English “no” and the other as “not”. Only the former should become interjection, while the latter will stay a particle.

Examples

Sentence modality: ať, kéž, nechť (“Let’s do it!” “If only I could do it over.” “May you have an enjoyable stay!”)
jen “just, only”
až “only, as late as, even, up to” Use case: až po stovky tisíc let “up to hundreds of thousands of years”
asi “about, roughly, maybe”

Diffs

Prague Dependency Treebank

li “if”: This is an encliticized morpheme that functions as subordinating conjunction but it always immediately follows the predicate of the subordinate clause. For example: Nebude-li pršet, nezmoknem. lit. Will-not-if rain, we-will-not-get-wet. “We will not get wet if it does not rain.” PDT tags the li morpheme as particle and it is currently kept so in the UD conversion but it might be changed to SCONJ in the future releases.
At present the UD-conversion of PDT keeps the PDT convention on tagging the response words (“yes, no”) as particles. Automatic conversion would not be straightforward because the negative particle ne is sometimes used as the response particle/interjection (English “no”) and sometimes as a free negative morpheme (English “not”). These two usages would have to be distinguished and only the first one converted to interjection.

References

Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

There are 82 PART lemmas (0%), 82 PART types (0%) and 8165 PART tokens (1%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 9 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel

The 10 most frequent PART types: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: jen (PART 2412, NOUN 24), až (PART 1384, CONJ 639, SCONJ 139), li (PART 757, PROPN 7), nejen (PART 501, ADV 1), jenom (PART 210, ADV 1), ať (SCONJ 115, PART 73), pozor (PART 49, NOUN 26), ovšem (CONJ 626, PART 42), to (PART 33, ADP 12), co (PRON 1859, ADV 239, SCONJ 210, PART 21)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: jen (PART 2269, NOUN 2), až (PART 1295, CONJ 639, SCONJ 111), li (PART 757, PROPN 7), nejen (PART 472, ADV 1), jenom (PART 197, ADV 1), ať (SCONJ 95, PART 60), pozor (NOUN 18, PART 2), ovšem (CONJ 561, PART 42), to (PRON 5916, DET 101, PART 30, ADP 5), co (PRON 1187, ADV 233, SCONJ 207, PART 7)

jen
- PART 2269: Přitom jsou příplatky za přesčasy jen velmi malé .
- NOUN 2: jen ( sto ) 22.24 21.44 22.76
až
- PART 1295: Možnost opakovaného vysílání z paměti automaticky až na 53 adresátů .
- CONJ 639: Řekl bych , že může se pohybovat od deseti až do osmdesáti procent .
- SCONJ 111: V bytě máte příjemných 24 ° C , i když venku mrzne , až praští .
li
- PART 757: Odpadne - li služba pokojských úplně 25
- PROPN 7: Praha ( li , ben ) -
nejen
- PART 472: Chalupa může přinášet nejen starosti , ale i peníze
- ADV 1: Dnes se sponzorské dary nejen této firmě vracejí v podobě dobře fungující komory .
jenom
- PART 197: Tyto problémy nejsou jenom u nás , mají je i v Německu .
- ADV 1: Ve vaně 170 cm dlouhé potřebujete 120 litrů vody , z níž vám čouhá jenom hlava .
ať
- SCONJ 95: Žádný prostředník , ať vítaný , či nevítaný .
- PART 60: Pak ať to řeknou , vysvětlí a komisi rozeženou .
pozor
- NOUN 18: Dávejte si na tuto věc při nákupu pozor .
- PART 2: 1 . Rozhodne se mezi Slavií a Žižkovem , do hry promluví i Sparta a pozor na výborné Brno .
ovšem
- CONJ 561: Takový způsob účetnictví lze ovšem v reálném životě uplatnit jen stěží .
- PART 42: M . Stoniš píše , že ministr ovšem učinil jedině možné rozhodnutí .
to
- PRON 5916: Nebude to poprvé ani naposledy .
- DET 101: Na to neznám odpověď .
- PART 30: Vedle toho musí být s to zastoupit i chybějícího kolegu .
- ADP 5: Obálka s adresou to professor Servít from Prague .
co
- PRON 1187: Nevíte , co kam započítat ?
- ADV 233: Samozřejmě nejen co do efektu , ale i co do nákladů .
- SCONJ 207: Učinil tak 24 hodin poté , co nabídku zprvu odmítl .
- PART 7: A co když by Maastricht v neděli neprošel ?

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.195970).

The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “not”: not, t

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “Achtung”: Achtung

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “L”: L

PART occurs with 3 features: cs-feat/Foreign (120; 1% instances), cs-feat/NameType (8; 0% instances), cs-feat/Abbr (3; 0% instances)

PART occurs with 5 feature-value pairs: Abbr=Yes, Foreign=Foreign, NameType=Com, NameType=Oth, NameType=Sur

PART occurs with 7 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (8040 tokens). Examples: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 22 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (4976; 61% instances), cs-dep/cc (1234; 15% instances), cs-dep/mark (799; 10% instances), cs-dep/neg (352; 4% instances), cs-dep/dep (184; 2% instances), cs-dep/conj (161; 2% instances), cs-dep/root (140; 2% instances), cs-dep/nmod (93; 1% instances), cs-dep/advmod (80; 1% instances), cs-dep/foreign (72; 1% instances), cs-dep/dobj (27; 0% instances), cs-dep/case (10; 0% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (10; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (8; 0% instances), cs-dep/appos (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/discourse (4; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/cop (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/iobj (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/name (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: NOUN (3107; 38% instances), VERB (2163; 26% instances), NUM (912; 11% instances), ADV (787; 10% instances), ADJ (482; 6% instances), PRON (254; 3% instances), PROPN (176; 2% instances), ROOT (140; 2% instances), PART (59; 1% instances), DET (46; 1% instances), CONJ (20; 0% instances), SYM (15; 0% instances), INTJ (3; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

7728 (95%) PART nodes are leaves.

125 (2%) PART nodes have one child.

120 (1%) PART nodes have two children.

192 (2%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 10.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 22 different relations: cs-dep/punct (535; 47% instances), cs-dep/conj (178; 16% instances), cs-dep/cc (101; 9% instances), cs-dep/mark (50; 4% instances), cs-dep/dep (48; 4% instances), cs-dep/advmod:emph (39; 3% instances), cs-dep/foreign (29; 3% instances), cs-dep/case (24; 2% instances), cs-dep/nmod (23; 2% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (22; 2% instances), cs-dep/amod (21; 2% instances), cs-dep/cop (20; 2% instances), cs-dep/advmod (14; 1% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (12; 1% instances), cs-dep/mwe (9; 1% instances), cs-dep/advcl (7; 1% instances), cs-dep/dobj (4; 0% instances), cs-dep/aux (3; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: PUNCT (535; 47% instances), NOUN (127; 11% instances), VERB (110; 10% instances), CONJ (81; 7% instances), ADV (72; 6% instances), PART (59; 5% instances), SCONJ (46; 4% instances), ADJ (42; 4% instances), ADP (31; 3% instances), PRON (23; 2% instances), PROPN (16; 1% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

PART in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

PART: particle