UD Sardinian ContSar
Language: Sardinian (code: sc)
Family: IE
This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.19 release.
The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Luigi Talamo, Nicoletta Puddu, Manuela Sanguinetti.
Repository: UD_Sardinian-ContSar
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.19
License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Genre: fiction, wiki, legal
Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Sardinian-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [luigi • talamo (æt) uni-saarland • de]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.
| Annotation | Source |
|---|---|
| Lemmas | annotated manually |
| UPOS | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
| XPOS | not available |
| Features | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
| Relations | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
Description
UD ContSar is a novel treebank of contemporary Sardinia.
UD ContSar is novel resource for contemporary Sardinian within the Universal Dependencies framework. Sardinian is a Romance language spoken in Sardinia, an island belonging to the Italian Republic and located in the center of the western Mediterranean. It is a minority and endangered language, traditionally transmitted mainly orally, and characterized by a multiplicity of varieties (usually grouped into two macro-varieties Logudorese and Campidanese), all recognized as part of the Sardinian linguistic continuum. These varieties share basic morphosyntactic features, while presenting differences at the lexical level and in the realization of specific constructions. This internal variation can be particularly challenging with regard to the normalization of lemmas and the linguistic characterization of certain phenomena. The development of the treebank therefore aims to provide an annotated resource for contemporary Sardinian that takes into account the specificities of the different varieties, using Universal Dependencies to represent them within a unified theoretical framework, in order to facilitate both linguistic analysis and automatic processing.
Acknowledgments
We warmly thank Mr. Gonario Carta Brocca, for willing to share his novel “Mannoi Corrias e sa pudda bianca”.
We also acknowledge that the sections “Wiki-Agioy” and “Wiki-Acabadora” of the treebank were manually annotated by Chiara Frau, graduate student of the Master’s degree course in Modern and Classical Philology.
References
To cite the resource, please use the following bibtex:
@inproceedings{puddu-etal-2026-introducing,
title = "Introducing {U}niversal {D}ependencies for {S}ardinian: the {UD} {C}ont{S}ar Treebank",
author = "Puddu, Nicoletta and
Sanguinetti, Manuela and
Talamo, Luigi",
editor = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i} and
Dobrovoljc, Kaja},
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on {U}niversal {D}ependencies ({UDW} 2026)",
month = may,
year = "2026",
address = "Palma de Mallorca, Spain",
publisher = "ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.udw-1.21/",
doi = "10.63317/4rbytt8qkexv",
pages = "242--251"
}
<\pre>
# Statistics of UD Sardinian ContSar
## POS Tags
[ADJ](sc_contsar-pos-ADJ.html) – [ADP](sc_contsar-pos-ADP.html) – [ADV](sc_contsar-pos-ADV.html) – [AUX](sc_contsar-pos-AUX.html) – [CCONJ](sc_contsar-pos-CCONJ.html) – [DET](sc_contsar-pos-DET.html) – [INTJ](sc_contsar-pos-INTJ.html) – [NOUN](sc_contsar-pos-NOUN.html) – [NUM](sc_contsar-pos-NUM.html) – [PART](sc_contsar-pos-PART.html) – [PRON](sc_contsar-pos-PRON.html) – [PROPN](sc_contsar-pos-PROPN.html) – [PUNCT](sc_contsar-pos-PUNCT.html) – [SCONJ](sc_contsar-pos-SCONJ.html) – [VERB](sc_contsar-pos-VERB.html) – [X](sc_contsar-pos-X.html)
## Features
[Abbr](sc_contsar-feat-Abbr.html) – [Case](sc_contsar-feat-Case.html) – [Clitic](sc_contsar-feat-Clitic.html) – [Definite](sc_contsar-feat-Definite.html) – [ExtPos](sc_contsar-feat-ExtPos.html) – [Foreign](sc_contsar-feat-Foreign.html) – [Gender](sc_contsar-feat-Gender.html) – [Mood](sc_contsar-feat-Mood.html) – [Number](sc_contsar-feat-Number.html) – [NumType](sc_contsar-feat-NumType.html) – [Person](sc_contsar-feat-Person.html) – [Polarity](sc_contsar-feat-Polarity.html) – [Poss](sc_contsar-feat-Poss.html) – [PronType](sc_contsar-feat-PronType.html) – [Tense](sc_contsar-feat-Tense.html) – [Typo](sc_contsar-feat-Typo.html) – [VerbForm](sc_contsar-feat-VerbForm.html)
## Relations
[acl](sc_contsar-dep-acl.html) – [acl:relcl](sc_contsar-dep-acl-relcl.html) – [advcl](sc_contsar-dep-advcl.html) – [advmod](sc_contsar-dep-advmod.html) – [amod](sc_contsar-dep-amod.html) – [appos](sc_contsar-dep-appos.html) – [aux](sc_contsar-dep-aux.html) – [aux:pass](sc_contsar-dep-aux-pass.html) – [case](sc_contsar-dep-case.html) – [cc](sc_contsar-dep-cc.html) – [ccomp](sc_contsar-dep-ccomp.html) – [compound](sc_contsar-dep-compound.html) – [compound:redup](sc_contsar-dep-compound-redup.html) – [conj](sc_contsar-dep-conj.html) – [cop](sc_contsar-dep-cop.html) – [csubj](sc_contsar-dep-csubj.html) – [det](sc_contsar-dep-det.html) – [discourse](sc_contsar-dep-discourse.html) – [dislocated](sc_contsar-dep-dislocated.html) – [expl](sc_contsar-dep-expl.html) – [expl:impers](sc_contsar-dep-expl-impers.html) – [fixed](sc_contsar-dep-fixed.html) – [flat](sc_contsar-dep-flat.html) – [flat:name](sc_contsar-dep-flat-name.html) – [goeswith](sc_contsar-dep-goeswith.html) – [iobj](sc_contsar-dep-iobj.html) – [mark](sc_contsar-dep-mark.html) – [nmod](sc_contsar-dep-nmod.html) – [nsubj](sc_contsar-dep-nsubj.html) – [nsubj:pass](sc_contsar-dep-nsubj-pass.html) – [nummod](sc_contsar-dep-nummod.html) – [obj](sc_contsar-dep-obj.html) – [obl](sc_contsar-dep-obl.html) – [obl:agent](sc_contsar-dep-obl-agent.html) – [orphan](sc_contsar-dep-orphan.html) – [parataxis](sc_contsar-dep-parataxis.html) – [punct](sc_contsar-dep-punct.html) – [root](sc_contsar-dep-root.html) – [vocative](sc_contsar-dep-vocative.html) – [xcomp](sc_contsar-dep-xcomp.html)
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- This corpus contains 341 sentences, 7944 tokens and 7952 syntactic words.
- This corpus contains 1129 tokens (14%) that are not followed by a space.
- This corpus does not contain words with spaces.
- This corpus contains 47 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: s', un', l', d', dd', b', m', 'e, che-i, ind', mal', nd', s’, 'idda, Sant', a.C., ch', chen', d-unu, nch', 'Enna, 'alanzas, 'arva, 'erme, 'estit, 'ettu, 'etzu, 'inare, 'ois, 'ostra, 'ucone, A.C., Bell', Bidd', Cherz', Km., Saint-Rémy, ap', ap.C., calincun', d’, etz., ip', it., radio-batteria, t', tott'
- This corpus contains 8 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.00 syntactic words.
- There are 8 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: ammentandesi, daeli, faendidda, faendiddu, intrendinci, losingandeli, muttimi, oferendiddi.
Morphology
Tags
- This corpus uses 16 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB, X
- This corpus does not use the following tags: SYM
- This corpus contains 1 word types tagged as particles (PART): nanca
- This corpus contains 45 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): ateru, atru, bi, bois, botu, cale, cantu, che, chi, chie, cosa, cussu, custu, ddi, ddis, ddoi, ddu, deo, eddu, etotu, issa, isse, issos, issu, ite, la, lu, meda, mei, nche, nchi, nci, nde, nemos, nois, nos, nostru, pagu, si, su, totu, tue, unu, àtere, àteru
- This corpus contains 28 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): atru, cada, calicunu, calincunu, cantu, carchi, cussu, custu, dogni, lu, matessi, meda, pagu, paritzu, perunu, prus, sa, si, sos, su, tale, tantu, totu, tzertu, uno, unu, àteru, ònnia
- Out of the above, 12 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: atru, cantu, cussu, custu, lu, meda, pagu, si, su, totu, unu, àteru
- This corpus contains 6 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX): chèrrere, dare, dèpere, pòdere, àere, èssere
- Out of the above, 5 lemmas occurred sometimes as AUX and sometimes as VERB: chèrrere, dare, pòdere, àere, èssere
- There are 4 (de)verbal forms:
- Fin
- AUX: est, aiat, fit, at, fiat, ant, fin, iat, aiant, podet
- VERB: tenet, tenent, at, bastat, faghen, narat, teniat, aiat, creo, est
- Ger
- AUX: aende, sendi
- VERB: Cunsiderende, pessande, andendi, camminande, faendi, intrendi, timende, allegande, ammentande, ammischiande
- Inf
- AUX: esser, poder, essere, essi, aer, podere, aere, èssere
- VERB: fagher, assegurare, faghere, andare, dare, intrare, isseperare, torrare, apariciai, bidere
- Part
- AUX: istada, istadu, apia, dèpiu, istadas, stetius, stètiu
- VERB: fattu, fatu, cumpresu, postu, tentu, abboghinadu, assuzetadu, donau, fata, fundada
Nominal Features
- Fem
- ADJ: sua, bianca, umana, suas, manna, famìlia, antiga, bona, issoro, levia
- AUX-Part: istada, apia, istadas
- DET: sa, sas, una, s', custa, peruna, atteras, custas, unas, àtera
- NOUN: pessone, arte, pudda, libertade, cittadi, libertades, parte, Santa, acabadora, decraratzione
- PRON: una, attera, cussa, cussas, di, issa, sa, Custa, ddi, d’
- PROPN: Parigi
- VERB-Part: fata, fundada, abarrada, cascarada, connotta, fatas, isvilupada, pessighida, pigada, proclamadas
- Masc
- ADJ: suo, mannu, suos, piemontesu, sardu, bonu, lìberu, miu, zustu, Membros
- AUX-Part: istadu, dèpiu, stetius, stètiu
- DET: su, sos, unu, s', custu, unus, custos, is, un', calincunu
- NOUN: deretu, deretos, tziu, omine, Rei, bividoris, logu, istadu, guvernadori, individuu
- PRON: su, unu, issos, etotu, issu, nostros, Custu, atteros, d', ddu
- PROPN: Aragonesos, Cartaginesos, Genovesos, Gotos, Piemontesos, Pisanos, Romanos, Saratzenos, Visigotos, Vàndalos
- VERB: fattu, cumpresu, fatu, postu, tentu, abboghinadu, assuzetadu, donau, pesadu, pigadu
- VERB-Part: fattu, cumpresu, fatu, postu, tentu, abboghinadu, assuzetadu, donau, pesadu, pigadu
- Plur
- ADJ: fundamentales, suas, eguales, sotziales, suos, culturales, diferentes, indispensàbiles, issoro, Membros
- AUX-Fin: ant, fin, fiant, sunt, aiant, aian, ane, depent, semus, amus
- AUX-Part: istadas, stetius
- DET: sos, is, sas, unus, atteras, custas, custos, medas, tottus, unas
- NOUN: deretos, libertades, bividoris, preguntas, corrias, fizos, sardus, atziones, cittadis, cunditziones
- PRON: nos, los, lis, bos, issos, nois, las, nostros, si, atteros
- PROPN: Aragonesos, Cartaginesos, Genovesos, Gotos, Piemontesos, Pisanos, Romanos, Saratzenos, Visigotos, Vàndalos
- VERB: tenent, faghen, cammìnan, fatas, intrados, naschidos, postos, proclamadas, abizan, accollozidos
- VERB-Fin: tenent, faghen, cammìnan, abizan, agatant, allegan, amus, an, aperin, appozabant
- VERB-Part: fatas, intrados, naschidos, postos, proclamadas, accollozidos, addannadas, arreusaus, arribbados, asseguradas
- Sing
- ADJ: sua, sotziale, eguale, internatzionale, bianca, natzionale, umana, universale, suo, forte
- AUX: est, aiat, fit, fiat, at, iat, podet, siat, depet, ses
- AUX-Fin: est, aiat, fit, at, fiat, iat, podet, siat, depet, ses
- AUX-Part: istada, istadu, apia, dèpiu, stètiu
- DET: sa, su, s', una, unu, un', custa, custu, peruna, s’
- NOUN: deretu, pessone, arte, pudda, tziu, libertade, cittadi, mere, òmine, omine
- PRON: l', su, li, mi, dd', m', lu, ti, unu, cale
- PROPN: Parigi
- VERB: tenet, fattu, fatu, at, bastat, cumpresu, narat, postu, teniat, abboghinadu
- VERB-Fin: tenet, at, bastat, narat, teniat, aiat, creo, rispondet, tenit, as
- VERB-Inf: mantenen
- VERB-Part: fattu, fatu, cumpresu, postu, abboghinadu, assuzetadu, fata, fundada, pesadu, pigadu
- Acc
- PRON: l', dd', los, lu, m', nos, la, bi, d', ddu
- Com
- PRON: tegus
- Dat
- PRON: li, lis, ti, nos, bos, di, l', m', mi, dd'
- Def
- DET: sa, su, s', sos, is, sas, s’, la
- PRON: s'
- Ind
- DET: una, unu, un', unus, d-unu, unas, uni
- PRON: una, attera
Degree and Polarity
- Neg
- ADV: no, non, nono, mancu
Verbal Features
- Imp
- VERB-Fin: bastat, dae, Beni, mutti, torres
- Ind
- AUX: est, aiat, fit, fiat, at, ant, fin, iat, aiant, podet
- AUX-Fin: est, aiat, fit, at, fiat, ant, fin, iat, aiant, podet
- VERB: tenet, tenent, at, faghen, narat, teniat, aiat, creo, est, narànt
- VERB-Fin: tenet, tenent, at, faghen, narat, teniat, aiat, creo, est, narànt
- VERB-Inf: mantenen
- VERB-Part: aplicàbile, iffustu
- Sub
- AUX: siat, podant, siant, apant, apat, essit, podat, pottat
- AUX-Fin: siat, podant, siant, apant, essit, podat, pottat
- VERB-Fin: asseguret, acuntentet, alleghet, mandigaren, punnet
- Imp
- AUX: aiat, fit, fiat, fin, iat, aiant, fiant, aian, it, ane
- AUX-Fin: aiat, fit, fiat, fin, iat, aiant, fiant, aian, it, ane
- VERB-Fin: teniat, aiat, at, narànt, abboghinait, agatànt, an, andàt, appozabant, as
- Past
- AUX-Fin: fut
- AUX-Part: istada, istadu, apia, dèpiu, istadas, stetius, stètiu
- VERB-Fin: bociat
- VERB-Part: fattu, fatu, cumpresu, postu, tentu, abboghinadu, assuzetadu, donau, fata, fundada
- Pres
- AUX: est, ant, at, podet, siat, sunt, ses, depet, depent, semus
- AUX-Fin: est, ant, at, podet, siat, sunt, ses, depet, depent, semus
- VERB: tenet, tenent, bastat, narat, creo, est, faghen, rispondet, tenit, asseguret
- VERB-Fin: tenet, tenent, bastat, narat, creo, est, faghen, rispondet, tenit, asseguret
- VERB-Inf: mantenen
- VERB-Part: aplicàbile, implicante
Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers
- Art
- DET: sa, su, s', sos, is, sas, una, unu, un', unus
- PRON: s', una
- Dem
- DET: custa, custu, custos, custas, cussu, matessi, tale
- PRON: su, Custu, cussa, cussas, sa, sos, Custa, is
- Emp
- PRON: etotu
- Ind
- ADV: àtere
- DET: onzi, donnia, meda, peruna, Carchi, calincunu, cantu, matessi, perunu, atteras
- PRON: nemos, tottu, unu, totus, meda, atra, atteros, botu, cantu, issu
- Int
- PRON: chie, cale, ghitte, Cosa
- Prs
- PRON: si, s', l', li, che, nos, b', dd', mi, los
- Rel
- PRON: chi, ki, cale
- Tot
- DET: totu, tottu, cada, tottus
- PRON: totu
- Card
- NUM: tres, duas, 5, 10, 1780, 1793, 1796, 1808, 2, battor
- Ord
- ADJ: Prima, primu, primos
- Yes
- ADJ: sua, issoro, suas, suo, suos, miu, mia, suu, suus, 'ostra
- PRON: nostros
- 1
- AUX-Fin: apo, semus, amus, Cherz', Soe, ap', depiamus, dia, ip', podiamus
- PRON: nos, mi, m', nois, jeo, mimi
- VERB-Fin: creo, dao, naro, amus, arrendo, baliamus, bivo, connosceus, disizao, iscappamus
- 2
- AUX-Fin: ses, as, depides, podides, sese, sezis
- PRON: ti, bos, tue, 'ois, t', tegus, tie
- VERB-Fin: as, bastat, dae, 'alanzas, Beni, arrimmades, inzertas, lassas, mutti, paret
- 3
- AUX: est, aiat, fit, fiat, at, ant, fin, iat, aiant, podet
- AUX-Fin: est, aiat, fit, at, fiat, ant, fin, iat, aiant, podet
- PRON: si, s', li, l', los, lu, lis, issos, di, issu
- VERB: tenet, tenent, at, faghen, narat, teniat, aiat, est, narànt, rispondet
- VERB-Fin: tenet, tenent, at, faghen, narat, teniat, aiat, est, narànt, rispondet
- VERB-Inf: mantenen
- VERB-Part: aplicàbile
Other Features
- Abbr
- Yes
- NOUN: a.C., A.C., Km, Km., ap.C., etz., it.
- Yes
- Clitic
- Yes
- PRON: si, s', l', li, che, nos, dd', m', b', lis
- Yes
- ExtPos
- ADP
- ADP: a, asuta, fintzas, aintru, che
- ADV: pustis, intundu
- NOUN: cara
- ADV
- ADP: a, in
- ADV: comente
- VERB: est
- DET
- PRON: cale
- SCONJ
- ADP: Dae, avanta, finas, po
- ADV: Derettu, comente
- SCONJ: imbetzes, intamis, intas, si
- ADP
- Foreign
- Yes
- ADJ: Etnografico, Reale
- NOUN: Museo, Udienza
- VERB: acabar
- Yes
- Typo
- Yes
- ADV: a
- Yes
Syntax
Auxiliary Verbs and Copula
- This corpus uses 1 lemmas as copulas (cop). Examples: èssere.
- This corpus uses 6 lemmas as auxiliaries (aux). Examples: àere, èssere, pòdere, dèpere, chèrrere, dare.
- This corpus uses 1 lemmas as passive auxiliaries (aux:pass). Examples: èssere.
Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts
Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).- nsubj
- VERB--NOUN (6)
- VERB-Fin--NOUN (96)
- VERB-Fin--PRON (53)
- VERB-Fin--PRON-ADP(in) (1)
- VERB-Ger--NOUN (1)
- VERB-Ger--PRON (2)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN (12)
- VERB-Inf--PRON (7)
- VERB-Inf--PRON-Acc (1)
- VERB-Part--NOUN (77)
- VERB-Part--PRON (20)
- obj
- VERB--NOUN (4)
- VERB--PRON-Acc (1)
- VERB-Fin--NOUN (96)
- VERB-Fin--PRON (14)
- VERB-Fin--PRON-Acc (16)
- VERB-Ger--NOUN (13)
- VERB-Ger--PRON (2)
- VERB-Ger--PRON-Acc (2)
- VERB-Ger--PRON-Dat (1)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN (61)
- VERB-Inf--PRON (2)
- VERB-Inf--PRON-Acc (7)
- VERB-Part--NOUN (54)
- VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(su) (1)
- VERB-Part--PRON (5)
- VERB-Part--PRON-Acc (23)
- iobj
- VERB--PRON (1)
- VERB--PRON-Dat (1)
- VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(a) (2)
- VERB-Fin--PRON (6)
- VERB-Fin--PRON-ADP(a) (1)
- VERB-Fin--PRON-Dat (25)
- VERB-Ger--PRON-Dat (2)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN-ADP(a) (2)
- VERB-Inf--PRON (1)
- VERB-Inf--PRON-ADP(a) (1)
- VERB-Inf--PRON-Dat (5)
- VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(a) (5)
- VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(po) (1)
- VERB-Part--PRON (1)
- VERB-Part--PRON-Dat (12)
Relations Overview
- This corpus uses 7 relation subtypes: acl:relcl, aux:pass, compound:redup, expl:impers, flat:name, nsubj:pass, obl:agent
- The following 4 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: clf, list, reparandum, dep