UD for Sardinian 
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- Words are generally delimited by whitespaces or apostrophes.
- Punctuation marks are treated as single tokens, with the only exception of apostrophes, that are always attached to its neighboring word:
- in case of elision, the apostrophe is attached at the end of the word with the elided vocal: unu ecantu-> un’ecantu (“a piece”)
- in case of apheresis, the apostrophe is attached at the beginning of the word that undergoes the apheresis: de -> ‘e (“of”), bidda -> ‘idda (“village”)
- Multi-word tokens are only used for the cases of contractions between verbs and clitics: daemilu -> dae + mi + lu (lit “give + to me + it”)
Morphology
Tags
Sardinian uses all 17 universal tags
- The only word tagged as PART is nanca (lit. “(they) say that”)
- The AUX tag is used for the following cases:
- copular verb èssere (“to be”)
- auxiliary verbs èssere, àere (“to have”) used to form tense or passive forms (in the case of èssere)
- auxiliary verb dare (“to give”) used to form the conditional mood
- auxiliary verb èssere used for the progressive form
- modal verbs pòdere (“can”), dèpere (“must”), chèrrere (“want”), when they do not function as full lexical (main) verbs
- The DET tag is used for determiners that modify nouns or noun phrases and is used to mark the following cases:
- article (su** monte, “the** mountain”, una** manu, “a** hand”)
- predeterminers (totu** sos animales, “all** the animals”)
- demonstratives (custa** ‘idda, “this** village”)
- indefinites (donnia** apentu, “every** devotion”)
- exclamatives (ite** bellu!, “so** beautiful”)
- Possessive adjectives in Sardinian are always postnominal and are tagged as ADJ.
- The tag PRON is used for words that replace nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context. The following cases are thus considered as PRON:
- demonstratives (custa** est *, “**this** is”, **su chi apo promintu*, lit. “that that I have promised”)
- indefinites (sos ateros, “the others”)
- possessives (sos nostros, “ours”)
- relatives (chi, “that”)
- clitics (reflexive pronouns si, unstressed personal pronouns li/lis “to him-her/them”, los/las “them”, locative particles bi,nche, partitive particle nde)
- interrogatives (chie** ses?, “who** are (you)?”)
- There are some cases of deverbal forms, mostly deverbal nouns, tagged as NOUN (su mal’istare nostru) and verbal participles (intrannadu).
Features
- Nouns are inflected for Gender (Masc or Fem) and Number (Sing or Plur).
- Main verbs and auxiliaries are inflected for Mood (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), Tense (present, imperfect and past), Person, and Number.
- Past participle verbs are also inflected for gender.
- Adjectives (including possessives, except for the 3rd person plural, issoro), as well as the numerals unu and duos/duus agree with nouns for Gender and Number.
- The quantifiers totu (“all, every”), donzi-dogni/cada (“every”), and carchi (“some”) precede the noun and are invariable; likewise meda (“much, many”) is generally invariable, but it is preferably postposed.
- Adverbs and adjectives do not generally inflect for degree. The only exception of mèzus/mèngius/mèllus (all meaning both “better” and “best”) and peus/pejus (all meaning both “worse” and “worst”). The suffix -ìssimu also exists, but is restricted to poetic language.
- Determiners agree with nouns in the same way as adjectives.
- Pronouns, determiners, quantifiers and pronominal adverbs may be further specified by the PronType feature. The Clitic feature is used for marking clitic pronouns, while the Poss feature is used for possessives (both adjectives and pronouns).
Syntax
Word Order and Core Arguments
- The default word order in Sardinian is SVO, but topicalizations of the object are common.
- Nominal subject (nsubj) is a bare noun phrase without preposition.
- Sardinian is a pro-drop language and the features of the subject can be inferred from the inflectional morphological features associated with the verb.
- Direct nominal object (obj) is either a bare noun phrase (for inanimate objects) or a prepositional phrase with the preposition a . The latter case is usually encountered either with personal pronouns or with proper nouns. Occasionally, this may appear with nouns preceded by a definite article.
Copula Constructions
- Sardinian employs the copular verb èssere/èssiri “be” in predicational, specificational, equative and identificational constructions; the copula can be linked to an adjectival, nominal or prepositional predicate.
Relation Subtypes
- Sardinian UD includes the following relation subtyes:
- acl:relcl for relative clauses
- aux:pass for passive auxiliaries
- compund:redup for reduplications
- nsubj:pass for nominal subjects of passive verbs
- obl:agent for agents of passive verbs
Treebanks
There are two Sardinian UD treebanks: