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flat:redup: reduplication

This relation is used generally for reduplicating constructions, which in Latin can be used towards a variety of effects. They are not unknown to the language, though they appear quite infrequently (the three examples presented below are in fact the only occurrences among the IT-TB, LLCT and UDante treebanks in the current state of the annotation - see Note).

We consider the case of a reduplication only when the same word is repeated one or more times in sequence, all of the repetitions having the same function and head in the clause, with no other words belonging to other phrases intervening (this condition allows for linearly non-adjacent reduplication, with reduplicated elements possibly governing their own dependents). These condition exclude

1. casual sequential repetitions in sequence belonging to different phrases: each element gets its own relation
   • e.g. quod quid est est obiectum intellectus ‘for the object of the intellect is what a thing is’ (train-s16691, IT-TB), both depending as cop respectively on quid and obiectum
2. transcription errors of any kind, which are managed through reparandum
   • e.g. + Ego Leo notarius notarius post traditam conplevi et dedi. ‘+ I, notary notary Leo, have filled out and delivered after the hand-over’ (train-s6767, LLCT)
3. other kinds of reprises, often treated by means of conj or similar
   • e.g. per quasdam relationes, quia per Papatum et per Imperiatum, que relationes sunt… ‘by virtue of certain relationships, i.e. by virtue of Papal and Imperial office, which are respectively relationships of…’ (Mon-615 [De Monarchia III xi 6], UDante), here an argument of the relative clause determined by the relative pronoun

The relation between the reduplicated elements is a subtype of flat since there is no hierarchy in such a block, and so formally the linearly first element is promoted as “head” for all the others.

The function of the reduplication, in terms of morphological features, is expressed (as a temporary solution) in the MISC field by the attribute Reduplication, on the token receiving the relation flat:redup.

Note

It remains to be seen if cases of reduplication which are as of now traditionally treated as part of the lexicon or even inflectional paradigms will be reanalysed syntactically by means of the present dependency relation. Some examples:

• sese, emphatic form of the reflexive pronoun se and lemmatised as such e.g. in the IT-TB
  • completely parallel to me me, as shown in the second example
• tute, emphatic form of 2nd person singular pronoun, with dissimilation
• quamquam ‘although’ (also, for regular phonotactics, quanquam), reduplication of the relative element quam ‘how much’ (also acting as comparative SCONJ) with indefinite meaning (‘in whichever manner = however’)

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Quot quot autem exercitii varietates tendebant ad opus , tot tot ydiomatibus tunc genus humanum disiungitur ; et quanto excellentius exercebant , tanto rudius nunc barbarius que locuntur .
det(varietates, Quot)
flat:redup(Quot, quot)
det(ydiomatibus, tot-10)
flat:redup(tot-10, tot-11)
{
    "text": "Quot quot autem exercitii varietates tendebant ad opus , tot tot ydiomatibus tunc genus humanum disiungitur ; et quanto excellentius exercebant , tanto rudius nunc barbarius que locuntur . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 26, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 37, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 47, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 50, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 55, 56 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 57, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 61, 64 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 65, 76 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 77, 81 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T14", "token", [ [ 82, 87 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T15", "token", [ [ 88, 95 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T16", "token", [ [ 96, 107 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T17", "token", [ [ 108, 109 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T18", "token", [ [ 110, 112 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T19", "token", [ [ 113, 119 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T20", "token", [ [ 120, 132 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T21", "token", [ [ 133, 143 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T22", "token", [ [ 144, 145 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T23", "token", [ [ 146, 151 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T24", "token", [ [ 152, 158 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T25", "token", [ [ 159, 163 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T26", "token", [ [ 164, 173 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T27", "token", [ [ 174, 177 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T28", "token", [ [ 178, 186 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T29", "token", [ [ 187, 188 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "flat:redup", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T12" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T10" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R4", "flat:redup", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T10" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T11" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

‘As many as were the types of work involved in the enterprise, so many were the languages by which the human race was fragmented; and the more skill required for the type of work, the more rudimentary and barbaric the language they now spoke.’ (DVE-71 [De vulgari eloquentia I vii 7], UDante)

• the reduplication having distributive value here, applied to the indefinite quantity expressed by the correlated relative quot and demonstrative tot. We note that a distributive form quoteni is attested (so one could also expect quotenae varietates…), while toteni is not, and this might have led to Dante’s choice for reduplication.

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[...] cum Propheta sanctissimo me me subsequenter hortabor subsequentia subassummens [...]
obj(hortabor, me-5)
flat:redup(me-5, me-6)
{
    "text": "[...] cum Propheta sanctissimo me me subsequenter hortabor subsequentia subassummens [...] ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 6, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 19, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 34, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 37, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 50, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 59, 71 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 72, 84 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 85, 90 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "flat:redup", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

‘… [I] shall take heart along with the most holy prophet, by making my own the words of his which follow…’ (Mon-196 [De Monarchia II i 5], UDante)

• more literally ‘… together with the most holy prophet I will then encourage myself, adopting the following [words]…’
• the reduplication having emphatic force here

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flat:redup in other languages: [it] [la] [vi]

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