UD for Ancient Greek 
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters. Description of exceptions follows.
- According to typographical rules, many punctuation marks are attached to a neighboring word. We always tokenize them as separate tokens (words).
- There are neither multi-word tokens nor words with spaces.
- Clitics are already split from their phonological hosts in the original edited texts
- Crasis (i.e., contraction of a vowel/diphthong at the end of a word with a vowel/diphthong at the beginning of the following word) is resolved in the following cases:
- article + any other word, such as in τοὐναντίον (i.e., τὸ ἐναντίον)
- pronoun + any other word, such as in ἐγᾧδα (i.e., ἐγὼ οἶδα)
- καί + any other word, such as in καὑτός (i.e., καὶ αὐτός)
- particles, such as ἄν and τοι, are never split from other words (i.e., ἄν = εἰ + ἄν and τοιγάρ)
- negations are never split from conjunctions (i.e, οὔτε)
Sentence split
- Sentence split is based on the punctuation found in the original edited text, which has been added/modified by the editor of manuscript(s).
- In the standard editorial practice, four punctuation marks can be found: comma (, encoded as U+002C “COMMA”), period (. encoded as U+002E “FULL STOP”), the point above the line (corresponding in function to the English colon and semicolon; it is encoded as ·, i.e., U+00B7 “MIDDLE DOT”), and interrogation mark (; encoded as U+003B “SEMICOLON”). All of these are, except the comma, taken to mark the end of a sentence. If a sentence is particularly long, the editor of a digital text can sometimes decide to split such a sentence into two or more sentences, regarless of the punctuation of the original text.
Morphology
Tags
This is an overview only. For more detailed discussion and examples, see the list of Ancient Greek POS tags and Ancient Greek features.
- All 17 universal POS categories are relevant for Ancient Greek (perhaps except SYM), but some categories are currently not used in all Ancient Greek treebanks. At present, 96 word types are tagged PART. This is a legacy of an existing Ancient Greek morphological analyzer and many of these words should probably belong to another category in UD; however, the exact list has yet to be worked out.
- Ancient Greek has the following auxiliary verbs (AUX):
- εἰμί (“be”) is used as the copula.
- ἔχω (“have”) is used together with a participle of a lexical verb to form periphrastic perfect.
- Verbs with modal meaning are not considered auxiliary in Ancient Greek.
- There are three main (de)verbal forms, distinguished by the UPOS tag and the value of the VerbForm feature:
Features
*
Instruction: Describe inherent and inflectional features for major word classes (at least NOUN and VERB). Describe other noteworthy features. Include links to language-specific feature definitions if any.
Syntax
- Besides universal subtypes, PROIEL uses one language-specific dependency subtype, advcl:cmp for adverbial clauses of comparison
Instruction: Give criteria for identifying core arguments (subjects and objects), and describe the range of copula constructions in nonverbal clauses. List all subtype relations used. Include links to language-specific relations definitions if any.
Treebanks
There are 2 Ancient Greek UD treebanks: