cop: copula
The dependency type cop is reserved for a copular auxiliary だ / da.
The auxiliary typically follows a noun phrase to form a copular clause.
A postpositional phrase with a nominative case is commonly needed to complete sentence.
For example, dependencies for 太郎 は 学生 だ 。/ Taro ha gakusei da “Taro is a student.” are as follows.
太郎 は 学生 だ 。 \n Taro TOPIC student COPULA .
nsubj(学生, 太郎)
case(太郎, は)
cop(学生, だ)
punct(学生, 。)
Note that we treat the auxiliary だ / da after adjectives as aux. Therefore dependencies for さくら が きれい だ 。 / sakura ga kirei da “The cherry blossoms are beautiful.” do not include the `cop’ relation.
さくら が きれい だ 。 \n cherry_blossoms NOM beautiful AUX .
nsubj(きれい, さくら)
case(さくら, が)
aux(きれい, だ)
punct(きれい, 。)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Japanese-KTC)
This relation is universal.
3450 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
3449 instances of cop (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.46579710144928.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ja-pos/NOUN-ja-pos/AUX (2966; 86% instances), ja-pos/VERB-ja-pos/AUX (299; 9% instances), ja-pos/ADJ-ja-pos/AUX (103; 3% instances), ja-pos/PROPN-ja-pos/AUX (31; 1% instances), ja-pos/DET-ja-pos/AUX (25; 1% instances), ja-pos/PRON-ja-pos/AUX (17; 0% instances), ja-pos/ADV-ja-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), ja-pos/NUM-ja-pos/AUX (4; 0% instances).
# visual-style 32 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 32 fgColor:white
# visual-style 31 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 31 fgColor:white
# visual-style 31 32 cop color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 31 nmod _ Offset=0-4
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=4-5
3 _ 因る VERB VERB _ 2 mwe _ Offset=5-7
4 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 2 mwe _ Offset=7-8
5 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 1 punct _ Offset=8-9
6 _ _ NUM NUM _ 7 nummod _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=10-11
8 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 13 nmod _ Offset=11-15
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=15-16
10 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 11 compound _ Offset=16-18
11 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 13 dobj _ Offset=18-20
12 _ _ ADP ADP _ 11 case _ Offset=20-21
13 _ _ VERB VERB _ 18 acl _ Offset=21-23
14 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=23-24
15 _ _ AUX AUX _ 13 aux _ Offset=24-25
16 _ グラチョフ-外国 PROPN PROPN _ 18 compound _ Offset=25-30
17 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 compound _ Offset=30-32
18 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 nsubj _ Offset=32-33
19 _ _ ADP ADP _ 18 case _ Offset=33-34
20 _ モスクワ-Moskva PROPN PROPN _ 21 compound _ Offset=34-38
21 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 23 dobj _ Offset=38-40
22 _ _ ADP ADP _ 21 case _ Offset=40-41
23 _ _ VERB VERB _ 28 advcl _ Offset=41-43
24 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 23 aux _ Offset=43-44
25 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 23 punct _ Offset=44-45
26 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 28 iobj _ Offset=45-47
27 _ _ ADP ADP _ 26 case _ Offset=47-48
28 _ 留まる VERB VERB _ 31 acl _ Offset=48-52
29 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 28 mark _ Offset=52-53
30 _ 居る AUX AUX _ 28 aux _ Offset=53-55
31 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 0 root _ Offset=55-57
32 _ _ AUX AUX _ 31 cop _ Offset=57-58
33 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 31 punct _ Offset=58-59
# visual-style 16 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 16 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 16 cop color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 nsubj _ Offset=0-3
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=3-4
3 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 dobj _ Offset=4-6
4 _ _ ADP ADP _ 3 case _ Offset=6-7
5 _ _ VERB VERB _ 12 advcl _ Offset=7-9
6 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 5 aux _ Offset=9-10
7 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 5 punct _ Offset=10-11
8 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 12 nsubj _ Offset=11-14
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=14-15
10 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 12 iobj _ Offset=15-17
11 _ _ ADP ADP _ 10 case _ Offset=17-18
12 _ _ VERB VERB _ 0 root _ Offset=18-20
13 _ 為る AUX AUX _ 12 aux _ Offset=20-21
14 _ _ AUX AUX _ 12 aux _ Offset=21-22
15 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 12 mark _ Offset=22-23
16 _ _ AUX AUX _ 12 cop _ Offset=23-24
17 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 12 mark _ Offset=24-26
18 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 12 punct _ Offset=26-27
# visual-style 22 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 22 fgColor:white
# visual-style 18 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 18 fgColor:white
# visual-style 18 22 cop color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 iobj _ Offset=0-2
2 _ _ ADP ADP _ 1 case _ Offset=2-3
3 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 5 dobj _ Offset=3-4
4 _ _ ADP ADP _ 3 case _ Offset=4-5
5 _ _ VERB VERB _ 8 acl _ Offset=5-8
6 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 7 compound _ Offset=8-10
7 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 8 compound _ Offset=10-12
8 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 nsubj _ Offset=12-13
9 _ _ ADP ADP _ 8 case _ Offset=13-14
10 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 14 punct _ Offset=14-15
11 _ スーパー-super NOUN NOUN _ 13 compound _ Offset=15-19
12 _ タイラ PART PART _ 13 case _ Offset=19-20
13 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 14 compound _ Offset=20-22
14 _ _ NOUN NOUN _ 18 nmod _ Offset=22-24
15 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 14 punct _ Offset=24-25
16 _ _ ADP ADP _ 14 case _ Offset=25-26
17 _ _ ADP ADP _ 14 case _ Offset=26-27
18 _ 御洒落 ADJ ADJ _ 0 root _ Offset=27-31
19 _ だ AUX AUX _ 18 aux _ Offset=31-32
20 _ 無い AUX AUX _ 18 neg _ Offset=32-34
21 _ _ SCONJ SCONJ _ 18 mark _ Offset=34-35
22 _ _ AUX AUX _ 18 cop _ Offset=35-36
23 _ そう-伝聞 AUX AUX _ 18 aux _ Offset=36-38
24 _ _ AUX AUX _ 18 aux _ Offset=38-39
25 _ _ PUNCT PUNCT _ 18 punct _ Offset=39-40
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