xcomp: open clausal complement
The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp.
These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers.
Examples
Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin `You must look at the statistics to see that the standards dropped’
Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin \n Is enough look at the statistics for to see that dropped the standards
xcomp(leor, fheiceáil)
Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile `I have to go home’
Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile \n Have I to go home
xcomp(Caithfidh, dhul)
The UD Irish scheme uses xcomp to denote progressive aspectual phrases, the structure of which follows:
Be + SUBJ + at (ag) + Verbal Noun
In these cases, and in keeping with the analysis of prepositional phrases, we attach the verbal noun to the higher verb (“be”) (using the xcomp label instead of the nmod used in standard PPs). The preposition is then a dependent of the verbal noun, with that relationship labelled as case.
Tá sé ag rith `He is running’
Tá sé ag rith \n Is he at running
xcomp(Tá, rith)
case(rith, ag)
There are also some similar periphrastic constructions similar to these progressives that use le or ar:
Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil `They would be made available’
Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil \n Would_be_put they on getting
xcomp(Chuirfeadh,fáil)
case(fáil, ar)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
This relation is universal.
There are 1 language-specific subtypes of xcomp: xcomp:pred.
610 nodes (3%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
598 instances of xcomp (98%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 6.44918032786885.
The following 15 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/NOUN (395; 65% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/NOUN (133; 22% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/VERB (18; 3% instances), ga-pos/ADJ-ga-pos/NOUN (15; 2% instances), ga-pos/PRON-ga-pos/NOUN (13; 2% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/VERB (10; 2% instances), ga-pos/PROPN-ga-pos/NOUN (6; 1% instances), ga-pos/X-ga-pos/NOUN (5; 1% instances), ga-pos/VERB-ga-pos/ADP (4; 1% instances), ga-pos/ADP-ga-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), ga-pos/SCONJ-ga-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), ga-pos/CONJ-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/DET-ga-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ga-pos/NOUN-ga-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 5 3 xcomp color:blue
1 ( ( PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
2 Ag ag ADP Simp _ 3 case _ _
3 béicíl béicíl NOUN Noun VerbForm=Ger 5 xcomp _ _
4 ) ) PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
5 Téigh téigh VERB VTI Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2 0 root _ _
6 abhaile abhaile ADV Dir _ 5 advmod _ _
7 , , PUNCT Punct _ 8 punct _ _
8 a a PART Voc PartType=Voc 9 case:voc _ _
9 bhithiúnaigh bithiúnach NOUN Noun Case=Voc|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 vocative _ _
10 ! ! PUNCT ! _ 5 punct _ _
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# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
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1 Turas turas NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 mí mí PROPN Noun Case=Gen|Form=HPref|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 compound _ _
3 le le ADP Simp _ 4 case _ _
4 fáil fáil NOUN Noun VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ _
5 ar ar ADP Simp _ 7 case _ _
6 sheasca seasca NUM Num Form=Len|NumType=Card 7 nummod _ _
7 punt punt NOUN Noun Case=Com|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
8 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _
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# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 4 10 xcomp color:blue
1 Ba is VERB Cop Tense=Past|VerbForm=Cop 2 cop _ _
2 léir léir ADJ Adj Degree=Pos 0 root _ _
3 go go PART Vb PartType=Cmpl 4 mark:prt _ _
4 raibh bí VERB PastInd Form=Ecl|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past 2 csubj:cop _ _
5 fhios fios NOUN Noun Case=Com|Form=Len|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
6 acu ag ADP Prep Number=Plur|Person=3 4 nmod:prep _ _
7 cad cad PRON Q PronType=Int 10 nsubj _ _
8 é é PRON Pers Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 7 nmod _ _
9 a a PART Vb PartType=Vb|PronType=Rel 10 mark:prt _ _
10 tharla tarlaigh VERB VTI Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past 4 xcomp _ _
11 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]