xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a
predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The
reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument
external to the xcomp (normally by the subject of the next higher
clause). This is often referred to as obligatory control.
These complements are always non-finite, and they are
complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than
adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is
borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
Nechceš si zaplavat ? \n Don't-you-want yourself to-swim ?
xcomp(Nechceš, zaplavat)
xcomp(Don't-you-want, to-swim)
Začal jsem tam pracovat včera . \n Started I-have there to-work yesterday .
xcomp(Začal, pracovat)
xcomp(Started, to-work)
Note that the above condition “without its own subject” does not mean that a
clause is an xcomp just because its subject is not overt.
The subject must be necessarily inherited from a fixed position in the higher clause.
That is, there should be no available interpretation where the subject of the lower clause may be distinct
from the specified role of the upper clause.
In cases where the missing subject may or must be distinct from a fixed role in the higher clause,
ccomp should be used instead, as below. This includes cases of arbitrary subjects and anaphoric control.
Šéf nařídil vykopat příkop . \n Boss ordered to-dig ditch .
ccomp(nařídil, vykopat)
ccomp(ordered, to-dig)
Pro-drop languages have clauses where the subject is not present as a separate word,
yet it is inherently present (and often deducible from the form of the verb)
and it does not depend on arguments from a higher clause.
Thus in neither of the following two Czech examples is there any overt subject,
yet only the second example contains an xcomp.
Píšu , protože jsem to slíbil . \n I-write , because I-have it promised .
advcl(Píšu, slíbil)
advcl(I-write, promised)
Slíbil jsem psát . \n Promised I-have to-write .
xcomp(Slíbil, psát)
xcomp(Promised, to-write)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
18437 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
17022 instances of xcomp (92%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.50886803709931.
The following 47 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (13578; 74% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (727; 4% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (707; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (674; 4% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (555; 3% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (323; 2% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADJ (278; 2% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PRON (277; 2% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/NOUN (236; 1% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/NOUN (180; 1% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (147; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/PRON (147; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/ADJ (137; 1% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/ADJ (86; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/PRON (77; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (37; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (33; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NUM (29; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (29; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/VERB (22; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/VERB (21; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/PRON (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/NOUN (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/PROPN (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADJ (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/VERB (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/NUM (10; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/NUM (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/PROPN (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/ADV (5; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/ADJ (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PROPN (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PART (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
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1 Potřebujete potřebovat VERB VB-P---2P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 rychle rychle ADV Dg-------1A---- Degree=Pos|Negative=Pos 3 advmod _ LDeriv=rychlý
3 poradit poradit VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
4 ? ? PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
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1 * * PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ _
2 Ale ale CONJ J^------------- _ 8 cc _ _
3 vyučení vyučení NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No|LDeriv=vyučit
4 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 3 punct _ _
5 či či CONJ J^------------- _ 3 cc _ _
6 přeškolení přeškolení NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 conj _ LDeriv=přeškolit
7 by být AUX Vc------------- Mood=Cnd|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux _ _
8 mělo mít VERB VpNS---XR-AA--- Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
9 být být VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 10 cop _ _
10 zárukou záruka NOUN NNFS7-----A---- Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 xcomp _ _
11 kvalifikace kvalifikace NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 10 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ _
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# visual-style 1 7 xcomp color:blue
1 Proces proces NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
2 nevidí vidět VERB VB-S---3P-NA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 jako jako SCONJ J,------------- _ 7 mark _ _
4 krátkodobou krátkodobý ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
5 či či CONJ J^------------- _ 4 cc _ _
6 střednědobou střednědobý ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 conj _ _
7 záležitost záležitost NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 2 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]